NCFR Substance Areas 1-5

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 select, from the larger body of child and family development literature, two peer reviewed research journal articles per substance area and review, summarize, and critique them in one paper per area. The critiques should describe the research method and results, as well as implications for future research. Each article review should be between 1 and 1½ pages – double-spaced, equating to 2-3 per substance area.   The format for this assignment should be:

  1. Substance Area Name  
    • Research article 1 (include the title of the article
    • Critique of 1-1.5 pages
    • Rsearch article 2 (include the title of the article)
    • Critique of 1-1.5 pages

Use this format for each of your Substance Areas. 

These must be submitted in the order listed below. Do NOT submit these as separate files. All five content areas are to be submitted as one file. 

Be sure to review the rubric provided for you in the assignment area to make certain that you are covering all the requirements.

Assignment 3, due in Week 4:

Substance Areas 1-5 reviews must be completed :

NCFR SUBSTANCE AREAS

  1. FAMILIES IN SOCIETY

e.g., Structures & Functions; Cultural Variations; Dating, Courtship, Marital Choice; Kinship; Cross-Cultural and Minority Families; Changing Gender Roles; Demographic Trends; 

Historical Issues; Work-Family Relationships; Societal Relations

2. INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF FAMILIES

e.g., Internal Social Processes; Communication; Conflict Management; Normal Family Stresses; Family Crises; Special Needs in Families.

3. HUMAN GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT OVER THE LIFESPAN

e.g., Prenatal; Infancy; Early and Middle Childhood; Adolescence; Adulthood; Aging.

4. HUMAN SEXUALITY 

 e.g., Reproductive Physiology; Biological Determinants; Aspects of Sexual Involvement; Sexual Behaviors; Sexual Values and Decision-Making; Family Planning; 

Sexual Response; Sexual Dysfunction; Influence on Relationships

5. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS 

e.g., Self and Others; Communication Skills; Intimacy, Love, Romance; Relating to Others.

All five content areas are included, with two peer-reviewed academic journal articles each.

Articles are clearly appropriate for the content area.

 

Each article is succinctly and carefully reviewed. The student defines the study, how it was accomplished, and further research implications. The analysis is thoughtful, thorough, and shows critical thinking.

No more than two errors in spelling, punctuation, and grammar.

APA formatting and citation style is followed.

Scholarly Paper and power point

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Scholarly Paper  and  power point 

 

 Scholarly Paper

Topic : Anophthalmia dyndrome 

Discuss the aspects of your chosen vulnerable population.

 Discuss the reason why is this group considered vulnerable.

Discuss what are the most common communicable diseases in this population, and why.

 Discuss barriers to healthcare and access to care for your vulnerable population.

 Discuss how the issues this group is facing relates to the community/public health nursing.

 Examine evidence-based practices that improve health outcomes of the vulnerable population.

Use information technology to identify resources that will improve health outcomes of the vulnerable population.

3 (minimum) to 5 (maximum) pages without title page and References.

References: 4 references, the text book has to be one of the references

POWERPOINT 

TOPIC :Anophthalmia dyndrome 

owerPoint Presentation

  • Discuss the aspects of your chosen vulnerable population.
  • Discuss the reason why is this group considered vulnerable.
  • Discuss what are the most common communicable diseases in this population, and why.
  • Discuss barriers to healthcare and access to care for your vulnerable population.
  • Discuss how the issues this group is facing relates to the community/public health nursing.

Examine evidence based practices that improve health outcomes of the vulnerable population.

Use information technology to identify resources that will improve health outcomes of the vulnerable population.

 Minimum 10/maximum 15 slides, including speaker notes, excluding the title and reference slides.

NOTE :Please this is going to be using Turniting program .

Health Care Stakeholders and Related Disease Indicators DP

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Write a 3-4 page paper explaining which health care industry stakeholder group your managerial health care career fits.

Introduction

This assessment offers an in-depth study of the structure of the U.S. health care system. It explores the current stakeholders within the health care system and studies basic information regarding inpatient and outpatient service delivery structures. This will provide you with an understanding of how the current U.S. health care delivery system is structured and operates.

From there, investigate the quality of health outcomes experienced by the population this system serves. Data collection regarding health care indicators and outcomes support industry efforts in both preventing and treating disease. Research and tracking efforts continue to expand as prevention plays an increasingly important role in health care management strategies. Data provided by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) offers the opportunity to compare health statistics and assess the U.S. health care delivery system from an international perspective. You will discover evidence supporting the case that, although the U.S. spends the highest per capita on health care in the world, the U.S. health indicators are lower compared to countries that spend less. This is a major driver behind the current health care reform efforts.

Preparation

Now that you have studied so many aspects of the structure of the current U.S. health care system it is important to consider where in this intricate and complicated framework your career choice may be centered.

In the U.S. health care system, there are distinct categories of stakeholders. Personally, you are a stakeholder as a consumer of health care products and services. Your career will likely align with one of more of the following stakeholder groups:

  • Hospitals.
  • Nursing and residential care facilities.
  • Physicians and other health care practitioner practices.
  • Home health care services.
  • Outpatient care centers and ambulatory health care services.
  • Laboratories.
  • Government.
  • Insurance companies.
  • Educational and training organizations.
  • Research organizations.
  • Professional organizations.
  • Pharmaceutical companies.

Choose one disease or disorder to explore in depth for this assessment. Investigate current health indicators and outcomes from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Healthy People.gov, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Be sure to also research current related information on this disease or disorder using The Wall Street Journal, as well as other online resources, including those you subscribed to earlier in the course.

Conduct research on each of the following topics using The Wall Street Journal, the Capella University Library, and other online resources:

  • Current stakeholders within the U.S. health care system.
  • Basic information regarding inpatient and outpatient service delivery structures.
  • How health care is financed in the United States.
  • Impacts of managed care on the U.S. health care system.

Use the following U.S. government websites to investigate health indicators and outcomes and explore one disease or disorder to explore in depth:

Be sure to also research current information on the disease or disorder you are investigating using your WSJ account as well as other online resources, including those you subscribed to earlier in the course.

Requirements

Write a 3–4 page paper addressing the following:

  • Explain where your managerial health care career fits in the health care industry stakeholders list provided above (or it may be part of a different stakeholder group).
  • Describe how a disease or disorder is related to or affects this specific stakeholder group.
  • Compare U.S. health indicators or outcomes for the disease or disorder to those of another country within the OECD—or a different country outside the OECD.
  • Discuss a possible reason for the difference, referring to a political, economic, cultural, or consumer-driven force.
  • Describe a current example of information and a perspective on health care options or efforts related to your health care sector and this disease or disorder.

Include APA-formatted citations and reference for all your sources.

Refer to the scoring guide to ensure that your work meets the grading criteria for this assessment.

piano critique

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There are two recital critiques to submit via Canvas during the semester This is the second one  Each should be 750­–1000 words long.  (This assignment description, for example has 867 words)

Critiques should be based on Youtube recital performances selected by your instructor

Your critique should include the following elements:

·        The date, time and location of the recital–or the date and time you watched the performance on youtube.

·        The name of the performer

·        The names and dates of the pieces performed, and the names of the composers who wrote those pieces.

·        Did any of the pieces have individual movements (smaller sections) listed on the program?

·        What are the meanings of any titles of pieces or titles of movements?

·        Compare the styles of the different pieces on the program.  How do pieces written earlier in time sound different from pieces written later in time?  You should talk about dynamics, tempo, and the ways in which the piano is used.  Is the piano used to make song-like melodies, or is it being used for rhythmic effect?  Are lots of notes used at the same time, or just a few?  Are both rhythm and melody happening at the same time?  Be sure to talk about all the pieces on the program.

·        From your own knowledge of piano playing so far, describe the physical approach that the performer had to the piano.   Describe the performer’s posture, movement, and overall use of their body.

·        What parts of the recital did you really like?  Why?  Be sure to talk about aspects of the music here—talk about the pieces in terms of melody, rhythm, tempo, dynamics and so on.  You can also talk about the performer’s interpretation.

·        What parts of the recital did you enjoy less?  Why? Again, be sure to give details about the music and the performer.

·        One of the main jobs of a pianist is to make sure that the audience can hear the melody (when there is one)—even when there are lots of other things happening in the music.  How did this pianist succeed in the pieces on this program?

These critiques will be graded as follows:

Clarity of writing:                                5 points

Details of recital and performer:        5 points

Discussion of compositional style

(critique of the music):                       10 points

Discussion of the performance

(critique of the performer):                 10 points

This is about your ideas, and your reaction to the recital.  Everything that appears in your critique should be in your own words.  This is a critique, not a research paper—you should really not need to borrow (even with attribution) from anywhere.  If you use a music dictionary or website to provide translations or meanings for piece or movement titles, be sure to give this information in a footnote.  Stealing words from anywhere is plagiarism. 

 Daniil Trifinov plays Liszt’s Transcendental Etudes in Lyon, France (listen to the encore of this concert as well to hear a contrasting piece by Claude Debussy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kD4T-rNklsY 

Diversity 8

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  1. Develop a list of five criteria for a CEO assuming that he or she has effective diversity management and inclusion as a strategic goal. Now that this course is coming to a close, select any one of the managers in a case from this text. Evaluate this manager on your established criteria for diversity. Based on your evaluation, give this person a grade ranging from A to F for his or her diversity.
  2. In terms of the change model (unfreezing, change, and refreezing) what internal and external forces might resist each of the following: instituting mandatory diversity training for all employees, appointing a chief diversity officer, initiating applications for diversity awards, or establishing a phased retirement program? 
  3. Assume that you are a mentor to an employee who came from a low-class background. She is bright and has career potential. However, you recognize that some elements of her behavior such as the way she speaks, her dress, her manners, and her communication patterns will prevent her from advancing to the next level in your organization. How could you help her?
  4. The list of primary and secondary dimensions of diversity include:
    – Race
    – Ethnicity
    – Age
    – Gender
    – Sexual Orientation
    – Physical and Mental Challenges
    – Social Class
    – Religion
    – Appearance
    – Language and
    – Military Service

Now that you have read about the primary and secondary dimensions of diversity, what have you learned about yourself? Of all of the dimensions covered in this text which so far have affected your life the most? What examples can you provide to substantiate your answer? Do you think these may change in importance during your lifetime? Why or why not?

1400-1650 words

6-8 Page Compensation Paper

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 In this course, you will write a Term Paper. The Term Paper will be on a course-related topic of your choice. The Term Paper will be on a course-related topic of your choice. 

Topics may include: 

• Legal issues related to compensation and benefits 

• Specific pay/incentive planning techniques, topics, or issues • Specific job analysis/job design techniques, topics, or issues 

• Specific benefits and service topics or issues 

• Additional Term Paper Topic suggestions are located within the module pages 

Submit the proposed Term Paper Topic to the Assignment folder no later than Sunday 11:59 PM EST/EDT of Module 2. 

In your Term Paper, be sure to address the following: 

• Background and historical perspective on your topic 

• Current issues related to your topic 

• Your professional experiences/opinions about your topic 

• Make sure to use properly cited academic references to support this information 

Expect to take approximately 6-8 pages (double-spaced, 12-point font) to complete this assignment. Your work will be graded on completeness, clarity, originality, interest, grammar, spelling, and punctuation. 

Format of assignments should conform to the following criteria: 

• Margins should be 1” in all directions. 

• Papers should be double-spaced and in a highly readable 12-point font (Arial, Times New Roman, or Verdana are recommended). Headings may be larger.

• The paper must follow the academic research format (APA) and (unless otherwise specified) should include a brief abstract or executive summary that explains what the paper is about.

 • Format for in-text citations and the Reference page should also follow APA style. 

NOTE: My topic is maternity 

JkASSIGNMENT4

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As the Director of your program, you are also responsible for writing policy. The general policy for observation and assessment has been written but is missing a section that outlines the connection to the families and collaboration.

In this assignment, you will be creating an original section for your parent handbook about family conferences and collaboration between your program and families and their part in the observation and assessment process.

*Note: Only original work is accepted. You are creating this insert in your own words. Copies or use of your program’s parent handbook language, or that of another established program, is not acceptable and will result in you having to redo the assignment.

Instructions

Create an original insert for the parent handbook using research on collaborating, decision-making, and goal setting with families that 

Explains the collaborative process in relation to assessment goals for each individual child.

  • Provide in-text APA citations from credible sources to support your ideas.
  • Describes how your program works with families to assess children’s development, strengths, and needs.
  • Demonstrates how these practices are aligned with the DAP position statement and the Code of Ethical Conduct.
  • Provide in-text APA citations from credible sources to support your ideas.
  • Details what the families’ responsibilities are in the observation and assessment process
  • Meets the following general requirements:
  • Headings for the sections are used to organize information and engage reader
  • Follows the conventions of appropriate grammar, spelling, and writing.
  • Provides references from at least 2 credible sources in APA format
  • Although no there is no length requirement, all of the above criteria must be included. Refer to the grading rubric for details.
  • Submit the insert for the parent handbook in a Word document.

*You will complete your Assignment as you normally do.

*You will then copy and paste the blue text that is in the document below (the rubric criteria titles and scores; image below) and put the top blank scored section on the very last page of your Assignment, beneath your References (on your References page).

*Fill in the scores you feel you earned. When you have given yourself a score, be sure to save your Word document and attach it to the Drop Box. 🙂

Quality improvement proposal

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Identify a quality improvement opportunity in your organization or practice. In a 1,250-1,500 word paper, describe the problem or issue and propose a quality improvement initiative based on evidence-based practice. Apply “The Road to Evidence-Based Practice” process, illustrated in Chapter 4 of your textbook, to create your proposal.

Include the following:

  1. Provide an overview of the problem and the setting in which the problem or issue occurs.
  2. Explain why a quality improvement initiative is needed in this area and the expected outcome.
  3. Discuss how the results of previous research demonstrate support for the quality improvement initiative and its projected outcomes. Include a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources published within the last 5 years, not included in the course materials or textbook, that establish evidence in support of the quality improvement proposed.
  4. Discuss steps necessary to implement the quality improvement initiative. Provide evidence and rationale to support your answer.
  5. Explain how the quality improvement initiative will be evaluated to determine whether there was improvement.
  6. Support your explanation by identifying the variables, hypothesis test, and statistical test that you would need to prove that the quality improvement initiative succeeded.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion. 

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

Need biology work done

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 Discussion 3

Its important to see that these phylogenies are theories and subject to continual revision. After reviewing the concepts of phylogenetics, taxonomy and cladistics, search Google Scholar using the term taxonomic revision, renaming or reclassification and find an article where the authors talk about their work to modify or change the taxonomic grouping of a taxa. Be sure to identify the group being revised and the lead author of the study in the title of your post (eg Bond, Caribbean Flycatchers) and be sure to not select an article that has already been described. Read the abstract of the study and summarize in your own words:

1. The reason for the reclassification (what new evidence emerged, new observations made, new tools used, etc).

2. Where the group was originally classified taxonomically (eg in which kingdom, phylum, class etc)

3. Where the group was moved to taxonomically.

4. The old name of the group/taxa and the revised, or new name.

Discussion 4

 

Congratulations! You’ve been hired as head of marketing for Prokaryotes-R-Us, a global purveyor of all things prokaryote (including your microbiome). Amid the pandemic, microbes have gotten a bad rap and sales are in an unprecedented slump. Your job is to turn things around by writing a sales pitch extolling the virtues of these micro-mini-marvels of evolution. Start by searching the term “microbiome“.

Now define for your reader prokaryotes, and microbiome and explain why viruses are not prokaryotes (in your own words). Offer one benefits of a healthy human microbiome and one benefit of a healthy environmental microbiome.

Give an example of two super-helpful microbes, and sing their praises as heroes among our many microbial buddies. 

Title your post with a winning, catchy headline. This week, you will NOT be able to see the narrative of your classmates, until you post yours (and you may not edit once you post so make the first draft count!)

Discussion 5

 

First, draw a diagram showing the reproductive cycle of fungi. Diagram define and label the key sexual reproductive structures and events using these terms:

  1. ASEXUAL
  2. HYPHAE
  3. MYCELIUM
  4. SEXUAL
  5. MATING STRAIN
  6. PHEROMONE
  7. PLASMOGAMY
  8. KARYOGAMY
  9. FRUITING BODY
  10. SPORANGIA
  11. SPORE

Second, write a short narrative drawing an analogy between the life-cycle of the fungi and a storyline of your choosing (a spy drama, political tale, fairytale, sci-fi story, soap opera, two person mini drama etc.) Make sure each term in all caps above would be likened to an event in that fictional paragraph (bold each term so I can easily find it).  Here are some starting points you may use:

“The alien ship landed in the woods, round, and silent as a SPORE. Its tentacles spread in all directions like MYCELIA, searching for others…..”

“I blew into town, the product of an ASEXUAL union. I needed a job, so I put out feelers, crisscrossing the neighborhood like HYPHAE searching for opportunity, slowly building a network like MYCELIAL threads. Then I saw him…”

“The nomads paddled up to an oasis and like a SPORE landing on rich soil , they set up camp. Scouts like HYPHAE went in search of food. Smoke on the horizon signaled a nearby village. Were they a suitable MATING STRAIN?”

Discussion 7

 

Watch the following videos about transpiration:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d60lqIfGeQw   (13 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mc9gUm1mMzc   (2 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnk3BJDBqIo&t=6s  (4min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-dicqNoODg  (2min)

Post a story about Ronnie Raindrop’s journey through a vascular plant, starting with his descent from the heavens to the soil. In your tale, use all the terms, in the SAME order presented below. Please BOLD, UNDERLINE and number each term in your narrative. Don’t forget to give your story a catchy title!

1. Cloud

2. Precipitation

3. Soil

4. Root hair

5. Epidermis

6. Osmosis

7. Ground tissue

8. Vascular tissue

9. Xylem

10. Vessel element

11. Tracheid

12. Water potential

13. Root pressure

14. Trunk

15. Adhesion

16. Cohesion

17. Capillary action

18. Internode

19. Node

20. Leaf vein

21. Mesophyll

22. Cuticle

23. Guard cells

24. Stomata

25. Transpiration

26. Water vapor

27. Cloud

Now watch these videos about the Hydrologic Cycle:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2D7hZpIYlCA (10min 1st half)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbZvOL0dgyU  (4min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzYjPpxP-Cw  (2 min)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKL40aBg-7E  (3min)

Then reply to a classmate’s post with a tragic sequel to their story, in which Ronnie’s forest is razed to the ground leaving nothing behind but dry earth. Describe the fate of our hero when he is no longer able to travel up his beloved trees and down again as rain. Where does he go after the forest is gone? What is his ultimate fate? The goal here is to link the action of vascular plants to the environment.

Use TEN of the following terms in your tale being sure to bold and underline them! Don’t forget another catchy and descriptive title!

Evaporate

Groundwater

Aquifer

Percolate

Clouds

Wind

Infiltration

Collection

Interception

Runoff

Discharge

Streams

Tributaries

Rivers

Lakes

Hardscape

Flooding

Ocean

Glaciers

Precipitation

Condensation

Fresh water

Salt Water

Reservoir

There is a powerpoint presentation that also needs to be done but I will upload the file so you can look over it and do

ANSWER THE DISCUSSION COMMENT

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Dana L. Holmes Jr.

South University

Epidemiology 

Professor Hoban

Through the years 2004 and 2007, there was a clinical trial conducted by the National Institutes of Health to test an experimental HIV vaccine. This “test-of concept” study was the STEP vaccine trail-Phase IIB (National Institutes of Health, 2007). The STEP trial was created to clinically study the effectiveness of a new HIV vaccine that was supposed to engage the immune system to create T-cells which can damage cells infected with the HIV virus. This trial was designed to compare the scientific results of those who received the experimental vaccine in either one dose or two, against those who received a placebo.

Prior to beginning this study, the risks and benefits of the study would need to be explained to the participants of this experimental human trial. Due to the nature of the infectious diseased involved with this trial, and according to an article titled Understanding Differences in Enrollment Outcomes Among High-Risk Populations Recruited to a Phase IIb HIV Vaccine Trial, “Our study recruitment approach featured a key message on the urgent need for an HIV vaccine, and the campaign advertising included diverse and recognizable community members” (Frew, & del Rio, et al., 2009, Methods Study Sample/para. 1). Study participants would have been selected due to their eligibility for the specific study which was requiring volunteers to be in the age range of 18-45, currently be HIV negative, and have a lifestyle that put them at a higher chance of potential HIV infection.

The main risk of this study would be high for those participants who received the placebo, meaning they did not receive the actual experimental vaccine that could potentially be effective in developing immunity against the HIV virus. However, those who did actually receive the vaccine were also at great risk, because the effectiveness of this vaccine had not yet been proven, and if the vaccine was not successful, those who received it were at just as at risk to contract the life threatening virus as those who received the placebo. Basically, regardless of which side of the study the participant fell on, there was no actual guarantee that anyone in the study would be protected against HIV contraction.

The benefit of the study would have been the possible confirmation that the vaccine was successful in providing people with protection against HIV, which would have been a scientific and medical breakthrough that would have had an incredibly giant impact on the entire world. If the study could provide any progress towards achieving an effective preventative measure to combat HIV infections to those who were at risk, that would be a benefit of the study. As stated by Frew, & del Rio, et al., “Many reported altruism (n = 75, 22.1%) and scientific or medical contribution (n = 59, 17.4%) as their motivation for participating in an HIV vaccine clinical trial” (2009,Characteristics of the Study Population/para. 2).

There were ethical issues that were involved in the beginning of this study, and also ethical issues surrounding the decision to terminate the study later. It is the responsibility of the medical and scientific community to consciously conduct their studies with proper ethics when it comes to Public Health practices. When it comes to the field of study in public health, values and principles are imperative to understand in order to make the proper decisions when weighing the justification of testing and conducting studies like this experimental HIV vaccine trial. According to the CDC on the topic of Public Health Ethics, “In applying an ethics framework, public health ethics inquiry carries out three core functions, namely 1) identifying and clarifying the ethical dilemma posed, 2) analyzing it in terms of alternative courses of action and their consequences, and 3) resolving the dilemma by deciding which course of action best incorporates and balances the guiding principles and values.” (CDC, 2017, What is public health ethics/para. 1)

In this study, the potential contraction of HIV had to be justified by the potential benefit that could result from the testing of this vaccine. It seemed as though researchers deemed it ethically acceptable to conduct this study utilizing placebo and unproven vaccine in order to determine the effectiveness of this experimental vaccine that was designed to produce T-cells that were to destroy cells infected with the HIV virus. Their decision to begin the STEP trial showed that the potential of a life-saving vaccine to combat HIV outweighed the potential contraction of the disease by the participants.

As the study continued, the decision was made to terminate the study. This conclusion was made due to the scientific evidence that not only was the vaccine proving to not prevent HIV infection, the study numbers actually showed that those who received the vaccine were at a greater risk of contracting the virus. These numbers clearly raised the red flag of ethics as the potential benefit was false, and the study was putting participants at a greater risk than was acceptable.

References

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Public Health Ethics. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/os/integrity/phethics/index.htm

National Institutes of Health (2007). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Immunizations are discontinued in two HIV vaccine trials. Retrieved from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Pages/step_statement.aspx. 

Frew, P. M., del Rio, C., Lu, L., Clifton, S., & Mulligan, M. J. (2009). Understanding differences in enrollment outcomes among high-risk populations recruited to a phase IIb HIV vaccine trial. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 50(3), 314–319. https://doi-org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181945eec

 

W5DQ

Waheeda ALI BOCAS posted Apr 22, 2021 7:57 PM SubscribeThis page automatically marks posts as read as you scroll.Adjust automatic marking as read setting

Epidemiology of Disease Control

Waheeda Maxwell

SUO

Professor Carol Hoban

W5DQ

Prior to beginning this study, I would consider it to be high risk because the participants are being expose to an untreatable disease that eventually can cost them their lives. This is way they cease the immunization process and contact the volunteers to advise them of the risk factors of the study because it was deemed unethical medical trials.

The clinical trial with the combination of the poxvirus vector ALVAC and the HIV gp120 protein has taught us that a vaccine against HIV/AIDS is possible but further improvements are still needed. Although the HIV protective effect of RV144 was modest, these encouraging results reinforce the use of poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates. The focus on prophylactic clinical studies thus far performed with an ALVAC, MVA, NYVAC and fowlpox expressing HIV antigens. The characteristic describes each vector administered either alone or in combination with other vectors, with and emphasis on the immune parameters evaluated in healthy volunteers, a percentage of responders and triggering the humoral and T cell responses. This also includes a broad polyfunctional and long lasting CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to HIV-1 antigen in most volunteers. There will be improvements in immunogenicity of the poxvirus vectors by the selective deletion of viral immunomodulatory genes and insertion of host range genes in the poxvirus genome (Elena, 2012).

The ethical issues are valid in ending the clinical trial because it was not a 100% safe for the volunteers to continue be to further exposure. The goal is to save live and prevent illness due to a deadly virus such as HIV. Even though the clinical trial of HIV began ten years ago and increasing number of trials are now being conducted in other countries, including several that are considered “developing” countries. Safeguarding the rights and welfare of individuals participating as research subjects in developing countries is a priority. In 1997 the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

Embarked on a process of international consultation to further to define the important ethical issues ad to formulate guidance that might facilitate the ethical design and conduct of HIV vaccine trials in international contexts (Guenter, 2000).

Reference:

National Institutes of Health (2007). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Immunizations are discontinued in two HIV vaccine trials. Retrieved from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Pages/step_statement.aspx.

Elena Gomez, C., Perdiguero, B., García-Arriaza, J., & Esteban, M. (2012). Poxvirus vectors as HIV/AIDS vaccines in humans. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 8(9), 1192-1207.

Guenter, D., Esparza, J., & Macklin, R. (2000). Ethical considerations in international HIV vaccine trials: summary of a consultative process conducted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Journal of medical ethics, 26(1), 37-43.

CAN YOU TELL ME OR ANSWER THIS QUESTION FOR ME.

 What are some ethical guidelines to ensure that your participants in your study are treated appropriately?