Career Connection Analysis Essay

For our last graded assignment, you will write about how the skills you have honed in this class will help you in achieving your career goals. You can approach the assignment in one of two ways.

  1. Discuss how the skills of writing, researching, presenting, working in teams, and using technological tools help you in your current role in the workplace. Which of these skills do you find most important right now? Which skills do you think will help you achieve future goals?

or

  1. Look up an occupation you are interested in pursuing after you graduate from DeVry. To find information on occupations, you can visit the Occupational Outlook Handbook at https://www.bls.gov/ooh/ (Links to an external site.). Search for a career you are interested in, such as software developer. Then, click on the What They Do tab. Compare the duties of that occupation to what you learned in this class. Which skills that you developed in this class will be most useful to you in your chosen career?

The Career Connection Analysis assignment is worth 90 points.

Assignment Requirements

  • The length should be approximately 500 words.
  • There is no need for a title page or references, but give credit for any information derived from the Occupational Outlook Handbook.
  • The assignment should be typed and submitted as a Microsoft Word document with 12-point font and double-spacing.

The grading rubric for this assignment is below.

Submit the assignment.

Rubric

Career Connection Analysis Grading RubricCareer Connection Analysis Grading RubricCriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeIntroductionIntroduction provides an overview of what was learned from the course and how it applies to the student’s career goals.10 to >0.0 ptsFull Marks0 ptsNo Marks10 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeImportance of WritingClear and concise discussion of the importance of writing to the student’s career goals, with at least one good example provided.20 to >0.0 ptsFull Marks0 ptsNo Marks20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeImportance of ResearchClear and concise discussion of the importance of research to the student’s career goals, with at least one good example provided.20 to >0.0 ptsFull Marks0 ptsNo Marks20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeImportance of TeamsClear and concise discussion of the importance of working in teams to the student’s career goals, with at least one good example provided.20 to >0.0 ptsFull Marks0 ptsNo Marks20 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeImportance of Technological ToolsClear and concise discussion of the importance of using technological tools to the student’s career goals, with at least one good example provided.20 to >0.0 ptsFull Marks0 ptsNo Marks20 pts

Information Literacy

Prior to beginning work on this assignment, review the Research Guides and Tutorials under the Getting Research help tabs in the University of Arizona Global Campus Library.

Prepare: Knowing how to thoroughly research a topic is extremely important while achieving your education. You may be asked to support your information with peer-reviewed scholarly resources, but how can you find this type of resource? The University of Arizona Global Campus Library allows you to search through different avenues to find the requested types of resources. You can narrow your search by the author, year published, title, subject, and by indicating what type of resource you are looking for. You even have access to a librarian if you need some guidance in finding more resources on your topic.

Reflect: Given that you have been in college for awhile, it’s time to reflect on what you have learned through the use of the University of Arizona Global Campus Library in relation to how you learned to acquire new information from a variety of sources.

Write: This week, you will take the Threshold Achievement Test for Information Literacy (TATIL) (Links to an external site.). This test is not graded, and your results are anonymous. The TATIL assesses students’ ability to recall and apply their knowledge and their metacognition about core information literacy dispositions that underly their behaviors. Through this combination of knowledge and dispositional assessment, TATIL offers a unique and valuable measure of the complexities of information literacy. The results of this assessment will guide University of Arizona Global Campus in developing the best possible library resources and research methodologies training.

Accessibility Statement: If you have a disability that impacts your ability to successfully participate in this or any other course activity, please provide your instructor with your authorized Accommodation Request form from the Office of Student Access and Wellness so that he/she can discuss and arrange an alternative plan with you.

After completing the TATIL (Links to an external site.), in a two- to three-paragraph response with each paragraph consisting of five or more sentences,

  • Describe your experiences using resources, including concerns encountered when conducting academic research through the University of Arizona Global Campus Library. Areas of concern may include developing a research strategy, using the search function within a database, or evaluating sources.
  • Explain how using the University of Arizona Global Campus Library has improved your experience in conducting research. For example, you could identify and explain how specific tutorials that you have used have helped improve your ability to conduct research.

The Information Literacy paper

  • Must include at least two paragraphs (of at least five sentences each) that respond to the two prompts, and that are formatted according to APA style as outlined in the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the University of Arizona Global Campus Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.) resource.
  • Must include a separate title page with the following:
    • Title of paper
    • Student’s name
    • Course name and number
    • Instructor’s name
    • Date submitted

Environmental Management in Health Care Facilities

Imagine you are a health care manager of a facility that will be moving into a new facility that is being renovated. You and your team have been asked to manage one of the internal environmental impacts, such as hazardous waste management, fire and safety management, disaster management, security management, or ADA guidelines in the facility being renovated. 

Note: The term environmental does not relate to the outside environment, such as trees and animals.

As a team, research the standard operating procedures for the environmental impacts listed below and select one impact your team will focus on and manage during the renovation:

  • Hazardous waste management

Create a 3 -slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation for the environmental impact your team selected and will manage during the renovation of the facility.

Include the following in your presentation:

  • Explain the local, state, and federal legal and regulatory requirements for the environmental impact your team selected. 
    • Consider the agencies that may be involved in facility accreditation and how to get information from them to ensure compliance. (i.e., Community Health Accreditation Program, the Joint Commission, Accreditation Commission for Health Care Inc., etc.).

Cite at least 3 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references.

Format your presentation according to APA guidelines. Include a title page, detailed speaker notes, and a references page.

Assignment: Course Project – Needs Assessment

 

Assignment: Course Project – Needs Assessment

Before you plan any public health program, you must determine the needs of the community through a needs assessment. The needs assessment is the “most critical step in the planning process” (McKenzie et al., 2017, p. 68). With this step, you can target your public health program to exactly what is needed, not just what someone guessed would be helpful.

This week, you will prepare a needs assessment for your community. For your needs assessment, interview two community members (in addition to yourself) to help gauge the “pulse” of the community, what residents perceive are necessary changes, and the actual needs of the community. Remember that you are part of the community as well, and your own qualitative observations and opinions as a student of public health/health studies are also important.

To Prepare for this Assignment:

  • Review Chapter 4 of the McKenzie et al. text.
  • Conduct a brief qualitative needs analysis of your community. Using the questions provided below, interview two members of your community about the perceived public health needs. Consider the barriers to addressing significant public health issues within the community and think about resources available that might help to address them:
    • How long have you lived in your community?
    • What do you believe are the greatest health issues that exist within your community, and who are the populations you believe are most impacted by these health issues?
    • What are two barriers that exist within your community that you feel could negatively influence these health issues (e.g., no public parks, pollution from a particular factory, no major hospitals or grocery stores)?
    • Why do you think those barriers exist? What Social Determinants of Health are most responsible for health problems in your area? (See the Healthy People 2030 Social Determinants of Health link in Learning Resources for a list of examples.)
    • What kinds of resources exist within your community that could help influence the health of individuals within your community (i.e., hospitals, community clinics, non-profits, etc.)?
  • Consider the resources available within the community to help address the perceived public health issues.

The Assignment (3–4 pages)

  • A brief description of the community that is being evaluated
  • A brief description of the members of the community that you interviewed
  • Describe the information that you gathered from your interviews. Be sure to explain the perceived public health needs of the community
  • Explain what resources are available within the community that address the identified health needs
  • Explain how you might address the needs within the community. Be sure to describe how you will utilize resources and address the barriers within the community

Your written Assignments must follow APA guidelines. Be sure to support your work with specific citations from this week’s Learning Resources and additional scholarly sources as appropriate.

Case Analysis: Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley

 

This assignment assesses your ability to:

  • Determine the impact that current federal legislation has on the compliant implementation of special education programs, and
  • Analyze the legal concept “educational benefit.”

This assignment also supports your achievement of Course Learning Outcome 2, 3, 4 and 5 and the MASE Program Learning Outcome 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8.

In 1982, Amy Rowley’s parents enrolled their kindergarten-aged daughter in the Hendrick Hudson School District in Peekskill New York. Prior to beginning the school year, the school’s administration met with her parents to determine what supplemental services Amy needed, due to her significant hearing loss, in order provide her with a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE). She was successful and progressing at the same pace as her non-disabled peers as she advanced to the first grade (Wrightslaw, 2015). Her redrafted annual IEP included the continued use of an amplification system, a tutor for the deaf and speech therapy. Amy’s parents also wanted her to have a full time Sign Language interpreter included, which the school subsequently denied.

Instructions
Using support from your assigned reading, the Instructor Guidance, and the discussions, you will analyze this case to include the following specifications:

Content Expectations

  • Define in detail each of the words in FAPE (Free, Appropriate, Public & Education) as it related to the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act.
  • Summarize why the final ruling favored Hendrick Hudson Central School District’s decision not to provide Amy Rowley with an interpreter.
  • Analyze the term “meaningful benefit” as it relates to the Rowley v. Hendrick case.
  • Argue for or against the applicability of the Supreme Court’s final ruling to meet the needs of students with disabilities.
  • Explain how the final ruling affects compliant implementation of special education programs.

Written Communication Expectations

  • Syntax and Mechanics: Exhibit meticulous use of grammar, spelling, organization, and usage throughout your submission.
  • Organization: Use the above listed guidelines for explicit sections/headings within your paper.
  • Source Requirement: Reference at least three scholarly sources in addition to your course textbook in order to provide compelling evidence to support your ideas.
  • Page Requirement: Your submission must be four double-spaced pages not including a title and reference page.
  • APA format: All in text citations, page format and references must be written in APA 6th edition format.

3 discussion and one assignment

 

I have three discussion and one assignment

all discussion should be 150 original initial post and two replies of 50-60 words each and one assignment is 150 words only.

Module 5 Discussion

Consider the issue of man-made threats in the United States. Have some fun with this discussion post this week, and think about the various threats discussed this week. Please describe which threat you think is the most likely to happen in terms of contributing to, or causing our zombie outbreak. Do you think it would be an intentional or unintentional event, and why? Justify your response with details using the lecture slides, websites, videos, and readings. Please response to a single classmate’s response as well. 

Module 12 Discussion

Define what is meant by the term “built environment”. From the assigned reading or videos, select one illustrated case study in the built environment that demonstrates best practices to promote population health. Describe the built environment structural features along with access to health promoting resources and discuss how the built environment modification in the community exemplifies principles for building healthy places. 

Module 12 Assignment

Review the assigned readings on injuries in the textbook (Jacobsen, 2019) and the GBD Compare Viz Hub website (IHME, 2018).

  1. Use the interactive IMHE display to identify the leading cause of death in 2017 in a given country of your choice (different from U.S.) in terms of injuries (hint: the color green – lower right corner – denotes causes in the injury category)? Be sure to select “Deaths” (not YLDs or DALYs or YLDs) as the Measure. Therefore, select “All” as the Age, and then: a) “Both” as the Sex in the “Settings.”
  2. Write in a paragraph form a) the country chosen and most lethal inquiry b) at least one important fact from the other assigned readings about the burden of this specific type of injury, c) one intervention recommended for reducing the number of deaths.

Responses should be approximately 150-300 words. Include at least two different in-text reference citations. In-text reference citations e.g., (Author, Date) should be used for attribution when summarizing content (see the guidance provided in the Additional Resources folder on the course home page). A full reference citation is not required for this assignment.

Module 13 Discussion

Activity Instructions

  1. View the scenario presented in the document titled “Module 13 Activity (Scenario)” which describes a suspected community outbreak of gastroenteritis.
  2. Discuss the scenario with your assigned group. Consider the various aspects of collecting information and conducting analyses in order to identify the source of the outbreak, including those aspects posed in the questions outlined in the document. Suggest and calculate statistical measures and discuss their interpretations. You must provide at least one substantive group discussion post by Thursday at 11:59PM ET.
  3. Then, suggest and discuss potential recommendations you think should be made to your health commissioner based on the information provided. You must provide at least one additional group discussion post by Sunday at 11:59PM E

final case BE

  

THE CASTING COUCH IN THE GLARE OF THE SPOTLIGHT

On Sunday October 8, 2017, the Weinstein Company fired its co-founder Harvey Weinstein after an investigation by the New York Times uncovered allegations that he had engaged in rampant sexual harassment and possibly assault and rape. Mr. Weinstein was a renowned movie producer who had shaped the future of the American film industry and moved in the rarified air of national politics as an accomplished fundraiser. Mr. Weinstein had that rare kind of industry power which could make or break a movie or an actresses’ career. Mr. Weinstein has not helped his on cause as he has swung wildly between his own contrition and attacking his alleged accusers. In an era of social media, these accusations have added fuel to the #Me Too movement which focuses the spotlight on sexual harassment and assault in Hollywood, the private sector and government. For his part Mr. Weinstein is quoted as denying many of the allegations as patently false. “Many” is an interesting choice of words as it has now come to light that there are over thirty female accusers, many of whom were young and propositioned with the lure of a role in one of his movies won many Oscars and made their leading ladies A-list stars in Hollywood.

How did this objectionable behavior remain in the dark for over three decades? There was obviously complicity on the part of those around Mr. Weinstein who keep quiet to maintain their own careers and respective gravy trains.

“Harvey Weinstein built his complicity machine out of the witting, the unwitting and those in between. He commanded enablers, silencers and spies, warning others who discovered his secrets to say nothing. He courted those who could provide the money or prestige to enhance his reputation as well as his power to intimidate.”1

So how did this complicity machine actually operate in practice as Mr. Weinstein attempted to tamp down the raging fires springing up from numerous accusers finding strength in numbers as more and more women begin to tell their stories.

He gathered ammunition, sometimes helped by the editor of The National Enquirer, who had dispatched reporters to find information that could undermine accusers. He turned to old allies, asking a partner in Creative Artists Agency, one of Hollywood’s premier talent shops, to broker a meeting with a C.A.A. client, Ronan Farrow, who was reporting on Mr. Weinstein. He tried to dispense favors: While seeking to stop the actress Rose McGowan from writing in a memoir that he had sexually assaulted her, he tried to arrange a $50,000 payment to her former manager and throw new business to a literary agent advising Ms. McGowan. The agent, Lacy Lynch, replied to him in an email: “No one understands smart, intellectual and commercial like HW.”2

As the gossip and innuendo spread, agents continued to send actresses to meet Mr. Weinstein alone in hotel rooms, warning them if anything happened they should stay quiet if they knew what was good for them. It seems Harvey Weinstein was the best game in town and sometimes the only game in town. Mr. Weinstein used both threats and enticements of access to hold off the press while his brother and partner, Bob Weinstein, participated in payments to those who claimed sexual molestation going back to 1990. Now Mr. Weinstein, 65, is under investigation by law enforcement authorities in three separate cities.

A master of leverage, Mr. Weinstein parlayed his films into relationships across the worlds of entertainment, politics, publishing and beyond, achieving a stature that at times proved useful in intimidating others and protecting himself. “I know the president of the United States. Who do you know?” Mr. Weinstein, a Democratic fund-raiser, would say during the years Barack Obama was in the White House, adding expletives. “I’m Harvey Weinstein,” he used to say.

“You know what I can do.”3

Talent agencies in Hollywood are for the most part, male institutions and tended to keep quiet like a good ole boys network who looked the other way when problems surfaced. Agents typically sign their clients when they are at their highest value to the industry, young and a fresh face. This is also the time when they are most vulnerable given their youth and inexperience in life, a perfect hunting ground for a sexual predator like Harvey Weinstein. By the Weinstein brothers left Miramax which were bankrolled by the Disney Companies to form their own company in 2004, dozens of women including Angelina Jolie, Angie Everhart, Ashley Judd, Cara Delevingne, Rose McGowan, Gwyenth Paltrow, Heather Graham, Kate Beckinsale and many others.  The agent’s motivation to keep quiet about what their clients were subjected to was the fact that they indirectly earned their living from executives like Mr. Weinstein, who write their paychecks.

In February 2018, N.Y. Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman filed a lawsuit against the Weinstein Company for the toxic environment it had created in acquiescing to Mr. Weinstein’s Sexual Predation. The timing of this filing was explained as necessary to protect the compensation owed the victims and Weinstein employees from the perpetrators and enablers using the assets to enrich themselves. The problem with this is that it upended a deal to sell the company to group of investors led by Maria Contreras-Sweet, who had said she planned to set aside at least $50 million for a victims’ fund and start a new female-led movie studio. This does not seem the best way to help these victims because if the sale does not go through, the Weinstein Company will be forced into Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings which could eliminate any claims of the victims as unsecured creditors.

“Question Number One: Is there enough money?” said Kenneth Feinberg, the lawyer who administered funds for the victims of the Sept. 11 terror attacks, the BP oil spill and the faulty ignition switch at General Motors. That, is always the single most important issue when trying to redress victims.4

Gloria Allred the celebrity attorney in Los Angeles who is representing many of the victims, worries that bankruptcy proceedings would not leave any funds available for the victim’s compensation. It should also be noted that if Ms. Allred decided to sue the company, her clients have a better chance of being compensated if the company remains viable. She also has a personal incentive as her contingency fee would be one-third of any funds received by her clients.

Twice there have been attempts to sell the assets of the company but those attempts have fallen through in the due diligence stages. A group organized by Ron Burkle and led by Maria Contreras-Sweet said it called off a deal for most of the film and TV studio’s assets less than a week after saying it would buy them by assuming $225 million of debt. The group planned to invest $275 million to relaunch Weinstein Co. with a new name.

“We have received disappointing information about the viability of completing this transaction,” Ms. Contreras-Sweet said in a statement. A person familiar with the group said it had found about $65 million of additional liabilities.

It has been said that a crisis is a terrible thing to waste and the Weinstein executives have used this crisis as an opportunity to raid the piggybank. A month before the public revelations of his sexual misconduct hit the papers, Harvey Weinstein borrowed $1 million from the company that bears his name to keep company with the $3 million he had paid himself over the past six months. Additionally the company paid off $2 million of personal debt guaranteed by Mr. Weinstein. Not to be out done, Bob Weinstein took nearly $6 million in compensation and other payments, while the company’s former chief operating officer David Glasser, took more than $4 million in the previous year according to papers filed in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. While it is possible some of this can be “clawed back” in bankruptcy, there is no guarantee that a sale of the remaining assets will leave any funds after satisfying the secured creditors. Unsecured creditors such as the victims of Harvey’s casting couch will most probably get nothing but the right to file a civil lawsuit.

The question we must ask now is where this will all lead in the future? Jenni Konner an executive producer of the HBO series “Girls” sees this as a tipping point. “This is the moment we look back on and say that’s when it all started to change” “This is going to scare any man in Hollywood using his power for anything but making movies and television.”6 

As the #me too movement has surged into the national discourse, other predators in the entertainment, journalism, corporate and political arenas have been sweep up like so much flotsam in an ever rising tide. Are we at the end of the news cycle or just the very beginning of a sordid saga that has yet to be fully revealed under the harsh glare of the spotlight?

Citations

1) Twohey, Megan; Kantor, Jodi; Dominus, Susan; Rutenberg, Jim; Eder, Steve “Feeding the Complicity Machine”, 06 Dec 2017, New York Times Late Edition, New York, NY

2) Ibid

3) Ibid

4) Sorkin, Andrew Ross “Does the Lawsuit Now Help the Victims” 12 Feb 2018, New York Times Online Edition, New York, NY

5) Fritz, Ben; Hagey, Keach; Randles, Jonathan “Weinstein Deal Called Off” 07 Mar 2018, Wall Street Journal, Eastern Edition

6) Twohey, Megan; Kantor, Jodi; Dominus, Susan; Rutenberg, Jim; Eder, Steve “Feeding the Complicity Machine”, 06 Dec 2017, New York Times Late Edition, New York, NY

Guidelines for Analyzing Cases

Problem and Issue Identification

1. What are the central facts of the case? What assumptions are you making about these facts?

2. What is the major overriding issue in the case? What major question or issues does this case address that merits study at this point in the course?

3. What sub-issues or related issues are present in the case that merit consideration now?

Analysis and Evaluation

1. Who are the stakeholders in the case and what are their stakes? What challenges, threats or opportunities are posed by these stakeholders?

2. What economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities does the company have, and what is the nature and extent of these responsibilities?

3. If the case involves company actions, evaluate what the company did or did not do in handling the issue affecting it.

Recommendations

1. What recommendations do you have for this case? If a company’s strategies or actions are involved, should the company have acted as it did? What action should the company take now? Why? Be as specific as possible. List several options as well as the pros and cons of each alternative. Be prepared to discuss why you eliminated those options you discarded and defend your chosen alternative. Mention and discuss any important implementation considerations. This last step is crucial because recommendations that cannot be implemented are worthless.

Qualitative data

  Topic 2 DQ 1

Qualitative research is a research method which does not use numeric variables; it contributes knowledge or understanding by describing situations within certain groups or populations of interest. Data is often collected through interviews and observation (Helbig, 2018). Typically, when conducting qualitative research, there are enormous amounts of data which must be gathered, transcribed and managed. This amount of data can be overwhelming to the researcher, which may lead to confusing and erroneous results. There are ways to process the information into a quality study. First, researchers need to remain focused on the research question and the process to answer the question. Johnson et al. (2020) state, “Identifying and developing a research topic is comprised of two major tasks: formulating a research question and developing a conceptual framework to support the study.” Many times, the research question is too broad and too vague, which makes processing the information difficult. Additionally, the study should finish with a focused conclusion to help carry the focus through the entirety of the study. Wu et al. (2016) stated, “The process should be systematic (dependability) and well-documented in the analysis section of a qualitative manuscript.”

Second, Watkins suggests using the RADaR technique to manage all of the data. RADaR stand for Rigorous And accelerated Data Reduction. “The RADaR technique involves using tables and spreadsheets from general-purpose, word-processing software to develop all-inclusive data tables that undergo several revisions. These revisions, called “data reduction,” help produce shorter, more concise data tables” (Watkins, 2017). This process converts raw data into more manageable and user-friendly format.

Using 200-300 words APA format with refences to supporting this discussion

 Qualitative data has been described as voluminous and sometimes overwhelming to the researcher. Discuss two strategies that would help a researcher manage and organize the data. 

Psychology article review

  • Article Review – ProfessionalAssignmentI’m Done Due April 27 at 11:59 PMPurpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to show your understanding of peer-reviewed empirical articles through: 1) reviewing original research; 2) evaluating claims, methods, and conclusions; and 3) communicating your analysis in a way that translates scientific information into common terms for a general audience. In writing an article review, you gain skills in summarizing key points and findings, interpreting results, evaluating the validity of the methods used and results reported, and communicating information to an audience in ways they understand.

    Step 1: Read the tips from the UMGC library on “Finding Experimental (Empirical) Research Articles.” Pay special attention to the sections on “Scholarly Research Articles” the “Structure of An Experimental Article”
    Step 2: Using the UMGC Library electronic databases, find an article published in the last seven (7) years in an academic, peer-reviewed journal related to clinical or counseling psychology (e.g., Professional Psychology: Research & Practice). The article should describe, specifically, an experiment or empirical study by the researchers. This means that the researchers conducted a study that contains easily identifiable independent and dependent variables. (Do not select meta-analyses, summaries, editorials, or theoretical articles.  It is your responsibility to make sure that the journal article you select is appropriate. If you are unsure about the relevance of your article, contact your instructor for approval.).
    Step 3: Read the article starting with the Title and Abstract, which will give you a quick preview of the purpose and results of the article.
    Step 4: Read the Introduction. Highlight the purpose of the article and the author’s hypothesis (e.g., what was studied, what did the author predicted, and why did they find the topic worthy of study). Pay attention to the context provided for the research (i.e., what research has been done previously in the field? what issue or problem is this study trying to address?).
    Step 5: Read the Methods section. Note the description of the participants and any tests, surveys, questionnaires, apparatus, or other materials that were used. Pay particular attention to the details involved in the experimental procedure. How were the variables manipulated or measured? Recall that the Independent Variable (IV) is the variable that is manipulated by the research (i.e., whether the room is hot or cold (if that is the variable of interest) or whether participants are given a placebo, shown any type of media or other stimuli, given talk therapy, or instructed to take medication (if that is the variable of interest). Remember that the Independent Variable is what was different about the experiences of the different groups. Recall also that the Dependent Variable (DV) is that variable that is measured, or, the outcome of the study.
    Step 6: Read the Results. Try not to get intimidated by complex statistical analysis. Instead of focusing on the numbers, focus on the short descriptions that accompany the findings explaining what the researchers found (i.e., Did the researchers find evidence that supports their hypothesis?)
    Step 7: Read the Discussion. Pay special attention here to what the authors say about the importance of their findings or the lack of findings. Think about other things you could do to look at this issue.
    Step 8: Prepare a 1-2 page summary of the article in your own words.  Be sure to address the following questions in your summary:

    • What is the purpose of the research? (Address specifics regarding the overall purpose of the research in question.)
    • What hypothesis is tested? (Provide a clear statement of the researchers’ prediction.)
    • How did the researchers investigate their research question? (Provide details regarding the study methodology.)
    • What are the pertinent results of the manipulation? (What were the findings and conclusions drawn?)
    • What is your personal opinion of the study conducted? Should it be repeated?  What could be improved?
    • What is your overall impression of the work? What are the implications of the study for the practice of counseling psychology?
    • Your summary should be written as a coherent essay (do not format as a list of answers to these questions). You may include additional insights in your analysis, but you must address these key issues.
      Step 9: Prepare your Article Review according to the following guidelines:
      Formatting:  Structure your paper utilizing APA style (7th Edition); this includes title page, headings, in-text citations, reference page, and general paper format (1-inch margins, double-spaced, appropriately sized sans serif or serif fonts – e.g., 12 Times Roman).  An abstract is not required.
      Submit to your Assignment Folder as a single document in either Microsoft Word, PDF, or RTF format.

Information or cyber warfare

  

Information or cyber warfare is computer related attacks which are guided towards information and information systems for the purposes of causing terror. Many of the cyber crimes are politically instigated and they are carried out by clandestine groups targeting non combatant groups. Enemies can collect information so as to have a competitive advantage over their foes, especially on matters of security (Van Niekerk & Maharaj, 2011). A good example of information warfare was the denial-of –service (DOS) attacks by Russia on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008.
The greatest risk that any information warfare can pose is infrastructural risk. Countries all over the world are highly dependent on technology to carry out services such as communication, transport, electrical grid, and manufacturing facilities. For instance, Estonia is one of the most internet dependent countries in the provision of services to the citizens; this made the country highly vulnerable to Russian cyber attacks on their systems. The first area that was affected by these attacks was the government websites, where traffic was used to bombard the websites so people could be denied service. The other greatly affected areas in Estonia were the news publications as they could not convey information internationally because their systems were jammed. The banking system was greatly affected by the attacks, people could not access all the online services of banks, and the debit cards for banks, especially Hansbank, could not be used inside and outside the country. According to Lewis (2014) from a military strategic perspective, attacks that do not degrade national capabilities are not significant. This shows how information warfare can disrupt national services that are dependent on information systems. Other critical infrastructures that can be attacked are dams that can disrupt water supplies, and air traffic. https://homeworkharbour.info/have-instructions-attached-along-with-a-few-powerpoint-decks-also-included-a-su
Information warfare poses a security risk in any country. Cyberwarfare is not all about disruption and destroying of information but involves hacking information systems to obtain confidential information. This action can lead to personal, institutional and national security risk issues. Hackers can access the information about prominent people and use it against them for political or any other gain. Personal information that can be useful to hackers include photos, business document, bank documents etc. In an institutional level information can be obtained for the purposes of competition or tarnishing the image of the company. One of the most important information that can be stolen from an organizations database is the trade secrets which can be used by competitors to gain a competitive advantage. All the countries around the world are faced with security risks that are caused by cyber warfare. Currently the United States is more concerned by cyber warfare more than terrorism. The United States spends an average of $ 300 billion on issues related to cyber warfare (Schwartau, 1994). Clandestine groups can infiltrate a country’s security systems in a bid to obtain information that can be helpful to them. The information can be used to improve the security strategies of the enemy, know the strategies that are being employed by the target country in order to device counteractive measures. The hackers can also infiltrate national security systems to obtain technological information that can be useful to the enemy.
Many of the information warfare are based around infrastructural and security issues, but there are other groups that are concerned with economic issues. In his book, Libicki (1995) defines economic information warfare as channeling or blocking information to pursue economic dominance. Libicki says that trade is war; competitors would go to any length to ensure that they monopolize the information they have. Economic information warfare is practiced through economic imperialism and economic blockade. Disruption and blocking of information flow to a specific territory is known as economic blockade. In 2007, Estonia was cut from external information flow and this adversely affected the economy of the country, especially the financial institutions. Many countries depend on foreign trade, and an attack on its information in terms of information blockade can prove to be catastrophic to the economy. Economic imperialism is created by the war between countries in establishing information networks in order to dominate strategic economic industries. https://homeworkbay.info/2021/06/01/discussion-topicin-this-final-discussion-consider-how-the-knowledge-of-psychol/
Jones, Kovacich & Luzwick (2002) categorized systems used to curb information warfare into six categories i.e., education and training, policy, doctrine, assessment, organizational infrastructure, and technology. These are the areas that are used today in the war against information warfare. After the devastating effects of the denial of service attacks on Estonia, the country embarked on several measures that have been effective in protecting the country’s information systems against cyber warfare. The country increased its preparedness against similar attacks by mapping its critical information structure, by doing so, the country came up with a cyber defense infrastructure that has been difficult for the Russians or any other enemy to penetrate since 2007. The country was able to train citizens of the country who hold crucial IT positions to increase the survivability of their information systems and educate individuals against similar attacks. The country established a state information agency that comprises of a cyber defense department, national computer emergency response team and critical infrastructure department (Ackerman, 2014).
For the attacks in Georgia, they increased information sharing between the government and the private sector; this has enabled the private sector to point out vulnerable points in the information systems and come up with a collaborative effort on how to deal with identified issues. In order to handle cybersecurity threats effectively and solve security threat issues, the government of Georgia established the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT), which has overseen policy implementations and continuous improvement of Georgia’s cyber defenses. The doctrine for information operations comprises principles for both for both offensive and defensive information operations and deals with organization, responsibilities, coordination between levels of command, planning considerations, integration and de-confliction of activities and intelligence support (Jones, Kovacich & Luzwick, 2002).

The United States has also not been spared by the jaws of information warfare. In 2006, the Chinese allegedly broke into the State Department’s computer system seeking information related to China and North Korea. Not much damage was realized with respect to information loss as only a few unclassified information was taken. The United States increased information sharing between government and private institutions; this was boosted by President Obama signing an executive order to increase the information sharing, this reduced incidences of such magnitude in the United States.
Identity theft occurs when a clandestine group gets sufficient information of an individual and they are able to use it for impersonation. Cybercrime is directly linked to identity theft, even though not all the information obtained by identity thieves is stolen online. Cybercrimes are used to obtain even secure information online and manipulated for different gains. People are increasingly storing their personal information online and this has increased the vulnerability of such information being stolen. The most common issue of identity theft is the government documents or benefits frauds. People such as immigrants or terrorists can obtain the information of any individual such as social security number and addresses to obtain government documents such as licenses. These documents can also be used by drug traffickers in conducting their illegal activities. These impersonated government documents are used by criminals to obtain government benefits such as travel state lines.

The second most prominent means used by identity thieves is the credit cards. The criminals can access the personal information of a credit card holder and open a new credit card with the details or actually get access to the credit card if one loses it. The criminals accumulate monthly bills for an individual without knowing, leaving them unable to pay the accrued bills. An individual can take even more than two years without knowing his information is being used by another credit card; this has seen the damage of credit scores of many individuals. Sometimes these criminals access the information from installing skimming devices in ATM machines that are in obscure areas. Criminals use health insurance information for an insurance holder and pile up medical bills for medical treatments one never had.

Phone and utility bills form a big part of the bills in many homes; criminals can change the address form using an individual’s personal information. The criminals use this information to open multiple accounts and rack up unpaid utility and phone bills. Fraudsters can use impersonation for employment purposes; they can use the security number to gain employment because of their bad track record in employment. This can ruin the track record of the genuine owner by providing future misleading information. A loan fraud is similar to a credit card fraud where an individual can obtain a loan using another person’s information therefore leaving him with the loan repayment burden.

E-commerce companies conduct most of their operation online through websites, and they are vulnerable to cyber-attacks. These companies have become more secure over the years due to the increase in information sharing and collaboration between different sectors. Most of the security breaches emanate from the end-user’s side because of inadequate knowledge. E-commerce companies are using secure socket layer authentication in securing their communication with their clients. The companies are securing the payments by using merchants who are PCI compliant. The E-commerce companies keep a limited amount of data concerning their clients as they regularly purge old customer records. Companies have installed multiple security layers such as firewalls, secure password logins, etc to prevent cybercrimes. Most of the websites are signed up to denial of service protection with cloud based to prevent any unwanted traffic. The companies have resulted in training their clients on how they can improve security issues on their end.

E-bay is a company that provides sales services online around the world for different products. Just like any other e-commerce company, the company is faced with issues of cybercrime. The clients of e-bay pay for their services online, and this poses a threat to their personal information being hacked. E-bay has a team that inspects breaches from other companies and looks at the strengths and weakness of their company in comparison with the other company. E-bay advises their consumers not to re-use their passwords because this increases the chances of social engineering. The company stresses that the most important password is the email password because hackers can use it to obtain all the other passwords. Customers should be careful with what they do with their email and response to emails (azcentral, 2015). E-bay ensures secure payment of their clients through Apple play, and they have provided multiple layers of security protection in their website.