Theories from the biomedical sciences have shaped nursing practice, as well as research, throughout the years. In order to engage in the highest level of practice and aid in addressing current and future issues in health care, it is important for nurses to become more cognizant of these theories.
For this Discussion, you will differentiate among theories within the basic, or pure, sciences, and consider how they may be applied to improve outcomes in health care.

To prepare:

• Review the concepts and principles of the various biomedical theories and models presented in this week’s Learning Resources, and consider how they influence clinical practice. Which biomedical theories and models are used most frequently in health care? How do they relate to improved health outcomes? Reflect on your specific practice area and identify at least one biomedical theory or model that is utilized.

By Day 3 post a cohesive response that addresses the following:

• Describe one biomedical theory or model frequently used in health care and provide your rational for how it relates to improved patient outcomes.
• Describe one biomedical theory or model that is utilized in your specific practice area. Provide at least two examples related to its application

References:

https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=121333169&site=ehost-live&scope=site

https://ezp.waldenulibrary.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=105429091&site=ehost-live&scope=site

 

McEwin, M., & Wills, E. M. (2019). Theoretical basis for nursing. (5th ed.) Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.

• Chapter 15, “Theories From the Biomedical Sciences”

  Chapter 15 highlights some of the most commonly used theories and principles from the biomedical sciences and illustrates how they are applied to studies conducted by nurses and in nursing practice.

• Chapter 17, “Theories, Models, and Frameworks From Leadership and Management”

  Chapter 17 presents leadership and management theories utilized in advanced nursing practice.

 Journal 4  

Based upon the assigned readings and presentations, you will answer all questions using current APA formatting (Times New Roman, 12- point font, and double spaced). All answers must be compiled in a Word document. Citations from the assigned reading are required in answering the questions. The written assignments must include at least one reference(s) in addition to the course textbooks and the Bible. Each answer must be comprehensive, with sport related current examples. Each question must be answered with 400–500 words. Select 4 of the following questions to answer. Critical thinking must be demonstrated in each answered question.  

1. Should coaches be fired for running up the score? What do cases suggest about good sporting behavior.  
2. Does sport play a positive role in promoting diversity and equal opportunity?  
3. To equalize the number of scholarships for men and women at Universities, should leaving out football out of Title IX an equitable solution? If not, what other ideas would you for an athletic director who faces the increasing cost without an increasing budget.  
4. What moral lessons have you learned from participating in sport?  
5. Do players have any ethical obligations to their sport, their fans, and the media?  
6. Has Title IX changed our views on gender logic in our society?  
7. Why is using a team name such as the fighting Sioux or the Redskins a problem?  
8. How can sports challenge the views of race logic and help transform racial and ethical relations?  

 

Another reflection, everyone…this one will help you to discover (or re-discover?) your own approach to advanced inquiry…Here is your prompt:

Recall in the Module 3 section titled, Differences in Research Methodologies, I described having all 3 research methodologies in my portfolio: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. While you are not researchers (yet!), and therefore you may not have consciously considered this, we all have a philosophical perspective that guides our thoughts, beliefs, and values as we walk through this life. This means that how we view ‘reality’ or the world ‘out there’ will strongly influence the methods we choose to investigate it.  

Reflecting on how you view the world will provide perspective on why you view the world as you do and yourself in it. Such introspection provides a model for social inquiry and, by extension, advanced nursing inquiry. Considering that it is not unusual for a researcher (or a non-researcher for that matter) to occupy a range of positions along the spectrum from Positivist to Pragmatist to Constructivist, where would you place yourself on that continuum? How do you know? What real-world examples lead you to this conclusion? As a result of critically reflecting on your beliefs and values, which is intended to lead us to a better understanding of self, which research methodology would you be drawn to as a nurse researcher and why? Why is this process of self-discovery an important leg of your journey of learning in this course?

As you are engaging in this process of reflection, please do not restate the questions in your response post but rather weave your answers into a scholarly narrative

Reply 1

 

 The variable an experiment measures is called the dependent variable. The variable is dependent on the independent variable which is being controlled by the researcher. Experiments try to identify the effects the independent variable causes on the dependent variable (Flannelly et al., 2014). On the other hand, extraneous variables refer to all variables in an experiment that could have effects on the experiment but are not independent variables. In an experiment, only the independent variable should have effects on the dependent variable. Therefore, researchers try to control the extraneous variables.

Two ways that researcher control extraneous variables are through random sampling and Experimental designs. In random sampling, they do not take away the variables but make sure they are equal in all groups. In experimental design, researchers reduce or completely remove the extraneous variables (Kaya, 2015).

References

Kaya, C. (2015, January 23). Internal validity: A must in research designs. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2014.1835

Flannelly, L., Flannelly, K. & Jankowski, K. (2014, September 25). Independent, dependent, and other variables in Healthcare and Chaplaincy Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.959374

Reply 2

Variables in research are defined as an attribute of an object that is being studied. There are six types of variables in research which are dependent, independent, moderator, intervening, extraneous and controlled variables. The purpose of this paper is to explore independent, dependent, and extraneous variables and to explain how to control the extraneous variable.

Independent Variables are the variable that a researchercontrols or changes during a study. It has a direct effect on the dependent variable. An example of an independent variable is gender or level of education. On the other hand, the dependent variable is the variable that the researcher is measuring or testing during a study. The dependent variable depends on the independent variable. An example of a dependent variable is nutrition status, which depends on the independent variable level of education (Kaur, 2013). There is also the extraneousvariables, which are variables that the researcher is not intentionally studying in the experiment, but they negativelyinfluence the results of the study. There are various types of extraneous variables. The first type is participant variables, where the participants have prior knowledge or health status that could influence the study’s outcome. The second type is the situational variable, which includes lighting, temperature, or other environmental factors that may influence the study’s outcome. Thirdly is investigator effects, where the researcher unintentionally affects the study results by giving clues to the study participants on how they should act during the study.

Extraneous variables can be controlled by random sampling. Although random sampling does not eliminate extraneous variables, it ensures that they are equally distributed in both study groups. Secondly, situational variables, which areamong extraneous variables, become controlled by ensuring that the researcher controls the environment where the study takes place by keeping the noise and temperature levels and other environmental conditions constant. 

References

Kaur, S. P. (2013). Variables in research. Indian Journal of Research and Reports in Medical Sciences, 3(4), 36-38.http://www.hu.usp.br/wpontent/uploads/sites/598/2019/09/complemento-aula-1.pdf

  

Instructions

Each Case Study assignment is designed to help the student make application of course content to a real world situation. Read the assigned case study and connect the key issues in the case to assigned readings and presentations. Respond to the questions with direct, thorough responses. 

Each case study assignment should include the following:

· Title Page in APA format

· Introduction to the case summarizing the situation

· Questions converted to sub-headings – responses to each question

· Strong conclusion that summarizes the ideas

· APA Style Reference page (as needed) 

Submit each Case Study by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Monday of the assigned module/week, except for Case Study 7, which is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of Module/Week 8.

Jackson Ultima Case Study

Highly competitive and professional figure skaters are finding that some of the best figure skating blades are manufactured in the United States. Ultima Skates LTD (www.jacksonultima.com), a division of Jackson Ultima Skates Inc., has become one of the most popular names in the figure skating blade industry. The company was founded in 1994 by Dan Nicholson and his partner Larry James; it produced its first skate blade in 1998. To learn more about Jackson Ultima Skates and its products, visit its website at (www.jacksonultima.com) or its Facebook page at Jackson Ultimate Skates.

Dan Nicholson is the president of Ultima Skates. He is originally from Blackpool, England. Nicholson competed nationally and then skated professionally for a number of years. His ice skating experience convinced him that ice skating blades were not performing as well as he thought they could; Nicholson believed that skate blades could be made better and yield better performance.

“After I stopped skating professionally, I was a distributor for one of our competitors. I then went on to design skates,” says Nicholson. “It was when I started designing skates that I really decided I could make a better ice skate.”

Ultima Skates began blade production in July of 1998 and launched its first blade at the National Figure Skating Championships in January 1999. What makes the blades unique is the manufacturing process. “We use modern machines and laser cutting, whereas our competitors are still making skates the way they always have, with stamping and making them by hand,” says Nicholson. “At Ultima Skates, we are really trying to take full advantage of all of the new technologies. We use a much harder steel, and we computer-profile all of our blades. By using computers to profile our blades, we are able to make blades that are exactly the same, last longer, and hold their edges better. Others still profile by hand, which is not very accurate,” he says.

Nicholson points out that these blades are not for everyone. When skaters get into championship level competition, most wear custom boots and pick specific blades to fit their needs on the ice. “We make blades for a very specific market of high-level competitors and professionals, who need more from a skate than you can buy from a store,” says Nicholson. Top skaters, including Tara Lipinski and three-time World Champion and Olympic silver medalist Elvis Stojko, skate on Ultima Blades.

The prices for the blades vary but are often upwards of $100, sometimes approaching $500 for customized blades with graphics. “Skate blades are kind of like cars, in that depending on what you want, you may pay a lot or a little. We are making the Mercedes Benz of skate blades,” Nicholson explains.

Ultima Skates is also the only skate manufacturing company that holds a patent on black skate blades. “We are the only company that can make black skate blades, which is a really sharp-looking blade,” he says.

Ultima Skates is the only skate blade manufacturer located in the United States; the only other two manufacturers are located in England. Ultima Skates is in DeKalb, Illinois, sixty miles west of Chicago. “While DeKalb may not seem like a hotbed of skating activity,” Nicholson says, “the location has worked out very well. The Chicagoland area is seeing a huge growth in the terms of skating rinks and skaters. There is at least $100 million worth of new ice and facilities within one hour of DeKalb.”

The next time you watch figure skating on TV, check to see if the skaters may be skating on Ultima skate blades manufactured in the United States—you’ll know they are if the skates are black.

1. What are the organizational attributes of Ultima Skates? Explain the organizational attributes that could be improved.

2. How has technology aided the development of Ultima Skates? What is the role of innovation in Ultima Skates future? How would you classify the Jackson Ultima Skates company?

3. Review the Jackson Ultima Skates website. Does it do an effective job of marketing and promoting the company and its products? How might you improve the website?

4. What are some tactics and techniques that you could used to market and sell Ultima Skates?