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SPSS – WORK

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Assignment: Comparing Software Development Workloads

Estimating the cost of developing software in terms of work load is difficult since it is a challenge to quantify the size and complexity of a software system. The article Analysis of Size Metrics and Effort Performance Criterion in Software Cost Estimation provides an overview of different metrics used to assess size and complexity (Malathi & Sridhar, 2012). The metrics include counts of lines of code, function point counts, and operation counts. Function point counts are often utilized because they can be estimated based on project design specifications.

The dataset pointworkload.cvs contains data collected from 104 programming projects at AT&T between 1986 and 1991 (Matson & Huguenard, 2005). This dataset include number of work hours for each project, the function point count for each project, and identifiers for operating system, data management system, and programming language utilized. In this application, you will investigate whether operating system, data management system and programming language impact the number of work hours per function point for a project.

Open the dataset pointworkload.csv in Excel. Create a new column that calculates the number of work hours per function point for each project. Save the file with this new data column.

pointworkload.csv

Next, you would want to look at the distribution of work hours per function point in a frequency diagram. Doing so in Excel requires either binning and counting the data yourself or installing the Data Analysis Toolpak Add-On. However, even with the add-on, simply getting a histogram requires multiple steps. Excel is designed for data presentation not for significant statistical analysis. It is capable of the statistical analysis but only with add-ons, macros, or programming. Instead of taking these steps, you will switch now to a software tool designed for statistical analysis, SPSS.

Go to the Resources section for Unit 4, and download the document IBM_SPSS_Installation_and_Registration_Instructions. This will guide you through the process of installing the statistical analysis platform SPSS which you will utilize for the remainder of this assignment.

  1. Import the file you revised in Excel to include work hours per function point into SPSS (be sure to tell it that yes there are variable names included at the top of your file) and take a screenshot showing your successful installation and import. This screen shot should be pasted into your overall document.
  2. In the top tool-bar, select Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Frequencies. Put the work hours per function point variable you created in the Variable(s) column. Click Charts and select Histogram. Then,click Continue and OK. SPSS will now run the requested analysis. In the Output, scroll down to the histogram and copy-paste it into your overall document. Describe the distribution of the data. Does it appear to be normally distributed? What are the average and standard deviation? Are there any outliers?

    Now, you are ready to determine whether operating system, data management system, or language impact the work hours per function point. To do this, you will utilize two different statistical tools. The t-test for difference in means between two independent samples and the analysis of variance.

  3. There are two different operating systems utilized. A 0 indicates UNIX, and a 1 indicates MVS. The t-test will allow you to assess the null hypothesis that the two operating systems give the same average work load per function point. Select Analyze, Compare Means, Independent-Samples T-Test. Your test variable is work hours per function point. Your grouping variable is OS. You will need to click Define Groups and make Group 1 = 0 (UNIX) and Group 2 = 1 (MVS). With these defined, click Continue and OK to get both the group statistics and the t-test results. Use the group statistics to calculate the t-value. Show all of your work for the calculation. For α=0.05, what is the p-value for the hypothesis? Based on this result, draw a conclusion as to whether or not the different operating systems result in a significant difference in work load per function point.
  4. By examining the t-test results from the previous question, you can see that both the t-statistic and the p-value are calculated there. You will be running several tests to determine if programming language impacts work load per function point, and you should draw your data from these charts rather than calculating by hand. Go back to your Independent-Samples T-Test and change the Grouping Variable to Language. Define the groups as 1 (Cobol) and 2 (PLI). Copy the t-test results to your overall document. Repeat this process for groups 1 (Cobol) and 3 (C), groups 1 (Cobol) and 4 (Other), groups 2 (PLI) and 3 (C), groups 2 (PLI) and 4 (Other), and groups 3 (C) and 4 (Other). Copy all six t-test results to your overall document. Based on these result, draw a conclusion as to whether or not the different programming languages result in a significant difference in work load per function point. Be sure to state the different null hypotheses considered and which are rejected and accepted at α=0.05.
  5. Running six different t-tests certainly answers the question of whether or not programming language effects work load per function point, but it is relatively time consuming to run and assess each of these results separately. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) allows this multiple group comparison. Go to Analyze, Compare Means, One-Way ANOVA. Select work hours per function point as your dependent variable and Language as factor then click OK. Copy the ANOVA table to your overall document. Explain what the ANOVA table tells you and what conclusions can be drawn.
  6. ANOVA has the down side that it only tells if some group is significantly different from some other group but does not identify those groups. You can obtain that information by adding a post hoc test to compare means. Go back to the One-Way ANOVA and click on Post Hoc. You will see numerous options. These are all different methods for comparing the groups. Each approaches the comparison differently. You will utilize the Tukey comparison here. Select Tukey then click Continue and OK. You will see both a comparison table and a table creating homogenous subsets. From this data you should be able to conclude that there is a significant difference between 1 (Cobol) and 2 (PLI). Copy these charts to your overall document and explain how that conclusion may be drawn. How does this compare to your t-test conclusions?
  7. Utilize t-test and/or ANOVA to determine the impact of database management system on work load per function point. The values are 1 (IDMS), 2 (IMS), 3 (INFORMIX), 4 (INGRESS), and 5 (Other). You should present your data, draw conclusions, and explain those conclusions.

Malathaim S. & Sridhar, S. (2012). Analysis of size effect metrics and effort performance criterion in software cost estimation. Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 3(1), pp. 24-31. Retrieved from http://www.ijcse.com/docs/INDJCSE12-03-01-101.pdf

Matson, J. E. & Huguenar, B. R. (2005). Evaluating aptness of a regression model. Journal of Statistics Education Data Archive. Retrieved from http://www.amstat.org/publications/jse/jse_data_ar…

Political Science Weekly HW – Discussion #2

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Discussion 2: The Modern Presidency Becomes An Imperial Presidency?

Please note: This discussion will be graded and you need to post twice: one original post and one post responding to someone else. Please cite pages and consider using direct quotes from the reading to support your points. Be considerate in your responses to your peers (and follow the norms of ‘netiquette’ listed in the introduction module). Please post both of your posts by the end of the day on July 29.

Schlesinger argues that the power of the modern presidency has moved in dangerous directions in contrast to the idea of “checks and balances.” Much of his argument is about the potential power of the executive branch to act independently of the other branches. In theory, this gives the president a lot of opportunity to shape government policies.

Is Schlesinger’s analysis convincing? Please explore that question while thinking about at least one of the following topics:

A. What does Schlesinger see as the historical context leading to an imperial presidency? Would this still apply today?

B. What formal powers of the presidency might allow the president to act without the other branches?

C. How does this Schlesinger perspective build on or challenge any of the other presidency scholars we have already encountered (Laski, Rossiter, Neustadt)? Could any of their ideas challenge his views?

D. Looking at Chapter 6 on the executive branch by Pika et al. and/or at their discussion of military force in the assigned section of Chapter 10, do you see any examples/details that either fit with or potentially challenge Schlesinger’s ‘imperial presidency’ perspective? 

Research Memo 4 Page , Double space

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Purpose:  The purpose of this is to enable you to meet the following goals:

Understand the role of a tax practitioner

Identify the tax issues involved in a scenario

Be able to conduct comprehensive tax research utilizing online tools in order to formulate a solution to the issues raised.

Be able to articulate and defend a tax position in writing.

Task:   In order to successfully complete this assignment you must:

Prepare a memorandum to the tax manager outlining the information you found in your research.

 Format the memo to include:

Restatement of Facts (paraphrase)

Identify at least three main issues based on these facts

Provide a conclusion for each issue

Include the analysis that led you to the conclusion for each issue. This analysis should refer to the primary authority that best addresses the issue. 

Primary authority would include items such as the Internal Revenue Code, Regulations, Court Cases, etc. These also should be paraphrased in order to highlight your understanding of the primary authority and how it relates specifically to the issue. Tax Topics and IRS publications are NOT primary source material. 

Submit the assignment using a Turnitin assignment dropbox.

Turnitin, is an online resource that checks your work against the submissions of others, books, articles, tax code, etc., in order to verify the originality of your content.  Given that everyone in the course is working on the same problem and using the same format, the service will likely find some similarity in your paper.  Upon submission, you will be able to see your score immediately, as others submit their papers your score may increase.  Should you resubmit your paper, the originality score will not be viewable for 12-24 hours.  

I use the information supplied by TurnItIn as well as my professional judgment to determine the originality of your paper. A high similarity rating is an indication of either plagiarism or insufficient original content on your part. Plagiarism is a serious violation of the student’s code of conduct and will be handled by the Student Affairs office. 

The writing assignment will be graded based on grammar, style of writing, logical development of ideas, critical thinking skills, and technical accuracy of the analysis and conclusions, using a rubric, which is found below. 

Assignments will be evaluated on:

Completion of assigned task (instructions)

Quality of content and research

Presentation of material

NUR501- REPLY TO OPAL

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Theory Development and Evaluation

The Science and Art of Theory Development and Evaluation

Scholars in various disciplines have conducted research and developed various theories to explain different phenomena’ existence or relationship. Hypotheses are created to fulfill a need and are always formed from observations, empirical studies, and literature review to produce a theory that explains a phenomenon, relationship of phenomena, or predicts the occurrence of phenomena. It is essential to evaluate a postulation before its application to test its correctness. Some theories, such as those in health sciences, are not applicable before testing and evaluation. It is only possible to determine a theory’s effectiveness by testing after the predicted phenomenon occurs. However, evaluation is possible using scientific and artistic approaches.

The various criteria for evaluating theories are scope, logical consistency, parsimony, utility, testability, heurism, and test of time. Scope, utility, and logical consistency are arts of theory development and evaluation. A theory must be within the scope, which means somebody cannot develop a postulation beyond their purview. For instance, an expert in the medical field cannot create a political leadership theory because it is not within their purview. Logical consistency means that a hypothesis should be correct at all times. A postulation must not contain contradicting statements at different times. The utility is the art of testing the theory’s usefulness and is evaluated based on its contribution to the field on which it is based (Fawcett, 2005). A postulation must bring a new aspect into the discipline. A hypothesis that repeats existing theories does not pass the test of utility.

Parsimony, testability, heurism, and test of time are scientific approaches to theory development and evaluation. Parsimony means that a theory should have a few concepts to be effective. A hypothesis with many arguments and ideas does not pass the parsimony test (Redmond, 2015). The science behind this is that the higher the number of concepts and arguments, the more difficult it is to produce a practical theory. Heurism refers to the ability of a hypothesis to create new thinking and stimulate new thoughts. A reasonable postulation must contribute to the discipline by bringing a unique aspect or thought to the field. Other researchers and theorists should be able to apply the theory or use the hypothesis as a basis for coming up with other postulations (Avant, 2009).

A good theory must pass testability and test of time. Testability means that its basis should be reliable evidence, and it should be possible for people to verify the evidence behind the theory. A theory can is not a statement without any backing of empirical research, literature review, or any other form of verifiable proof (Avant, 2009). The test of time means that a theory must be predictive and powerful. Predictability relates to the ability of the postulation to give a good reason to be adopted. This concept requires a good and convincing explanation of the thinking behind the hypothesis. A hypothesis should be influential because it should have a considerable impact on people’s lives or the relevant discipline. A postulation must provide a milestone in the field (Fawcett, 2005). If a theory does not have a significant influence, it does not pass the power test. Lastly, a postulation must withstand the test of time. Similar studies on similar objects or subjects at any time should be able to give similar conclusions and the same theory.

Theory is a framework or model for understanding and observation, which determines what we perceive and how we perceive it. Hypothesis lets a researcher form links between concrete and abstract statements. Postulation asserts a link between different phenomena and explains the relationship between various variables. Hypothesis organizes different ideas and guides research. Facts may not be useful if they lack meaning unless combined into a theoretical framework. The strength of theory increases as supporting evidence becomes available. Postulations can form a basis for prediction and can help produce new research. When evaluating a theory, it is crucial to consider various aspects such as coherency and logic of the hypothesis, testability of theory-based claims and predictions, the fitness of postulation to available data, and its potential impact on the world

References

Avant, K. (2009). Reading and evaluating theory in a research publication. Perioperative Nursing Clinics, 4(3), 231-236. https://doi: 10.1016/j.cpen.2009.05.002

Fawcett, J. (2005). Criteria for evaluation of theory. Nursing Science Quarterly, 18(2),131-5. https://DOI:10.1177/0894318405274823

Redmond, M. (2015). Theory development and evaluation. IOWA State University Digital Repository. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=engl_reports

Deliverable 7 – HR Initiative Portfolio Assignment Content

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Deliverable 7 – HR Initiative Portfolio

Assignment Content

  1. Competency 
    • Develop Human Resources and organizational leadership strategies to foster a high-performing workforce enabling the attainment of organizational goals.
    • Design a self-development plan to become an effective individual contributor to an organization.
    • Integrate behavior and development theories within an organization in order to positively impact its culture and performance.
    • Create policies and procedures that manage risk, are legally compliant, and align to organizational strategy.
    • Assess the impact of Human Resources practices on the success of the organization and its human capital.
    • Outline a change management plan that aligns to organizational strategic goals.
    • Student Success Criteria View the grading rubric for this deliverable by selecting the “This item is graded with a rubric” link, which is located in the Details & Information pane.   Scenario You are the HR Director of a food processing company. Due to health concerns of a member of your family, you have decided to take a six-month leave of absence from your position. You are supposed to supervise several HR projects that are about to begin. The CEO has instructed you to compile a detailed portfolio of these projects so that your temporary replacement will be prepared to take over the supervision of these projects during the next six months. The included projects are:    
    • Recruitment Branding Project – revising current recruitment webpage to attract Millennial applicants, to include proposed metrics that will assess the impact of the new webpage on successfully hiring desired human capital.
    • Unconscious Bias in Interviewing Project – building and delivering an in-house training program on unconscious bias and how to mitigate the same for any employee involved in the interviewing process. Training outcomes should include activities designed to proactively demonstrate an organizational culture of inclusion.
    • Employee Self-Service Project – building the capability in the HRIS to allow employees to log in and request Paid Time Off electronically, with the ability for all approvals to be given electronically through the system. This project requires change management techniques to ensure total adoption of the new processes in the organization.
    • Benchmarking Total Rewards Package Project – the company’s current salary, benefits, and other reward components are being evaluated against current market data to see if any adjustments need to be made. The total rewards package must attract and retain high-performing employees.
    • Performance Management System Project – revising the current one-time, annual performance evaluation cycle to a quarterly performance review process supplemented with ongoing coaching and support for employees. Included in the process should be a component for individual employees to self-assess and plan subsequent development and improvement activities.
    • Instructions Prepare a portfolio, as a written document, that provides the following information for each project:    
    • Project title and focus.
    • Table of Contents.
    • Abbreviated Executive Summary.
    • Scope of project, to include:
    • Research required
    • Metrics used to assess completion and success of project
    • Parameters of activities to be included in the project
    • Expected end-state deliverables due at completion of project
    • Critical success factors for the project
    • Identification of risks if project is not completed, and steps to be taken to mitigate such risk.
    • Provides attribution for credible sources used in the portfolio.

Discussion Response

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Week7 D1 Research Design for One-Way ANOVA

The logic of ANOVA is the same as a t test, which is to test the null hypothesis (Warner, 2012). However, a t-test is limited to comparing 1-2 groups, while ANOVA allows for testing 2+ samples (Warner, 2012).  When ANOVA procedures are applied to data with one dependent and one independent variable, such as race and mental health literacy (MHL), it is called a one-way ANOVA (Warner, 2012).

For example, Rafal, Gatto, & DeBate (2018), using a one-way ANOVA, seek to answer the research questions, “Will race of college male undergraduate students (IV) cause differences in MHL (DV)?” The authors create 3 levels of the nominal variable, “race”. They are: White, Asian, & Other. The null hypothesis states, “There is no difference in MHL (DV) caused by race of college male undergraduate students (IV).” The authors state, “among undergraduate participants, statistically significant differences were observed by race for overall MHL; F(2,790)=18.953, p= <.001 (Rafal, et al., 2018).”

A quick view of a table suggests 3 comparisons of MHL were made based on race, White Vs Asian, White Vs Other, Asian Vs. Other (Rafal, et al., 2018). The former two (White Vs. Asian & White Vs. Other) were statistically significant (p=<.001*), while the latter comparison group (Asian Vs. Other) was not (Rafal, et al., 2018). This means scores on MHL significantly differed when White was compared to Asian, and when White was compared to Other. Specifically, “White males had higher total MHL than Asian male undergraduates (p <.001) and Other undergraduates (p<.001) (Rafal, et al., 2018).”

Overall, authors can reject the null hypothesis because their data suggests race causes differences in MHL, and the differences are statistically significant.

References

Rafal, G. Gatto, A., & DeBate, R. (2018). Mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking behaviors among male college students. Journal of American College Health, 66(4), 284–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2018.1434780

Warner, R. M. (2012). Applied statistics from bivariate through multivariate techniques (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Midwest Health Systems: Case Analysis Assignment

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Midwest Health Systems

Case Analysis Assignment

In this case, the context is Midwest Health Systems (Midwest) and the scenario is evaluating a enterpise information security architecture. Your analysis of this case will be framed around a number of questions that are presented at the end of this writeup. As laid out in our syllabus, your analysis should, at minimum, meet the “2-why” standard.

While you can find a number of strategies out there for conquering case analyses (many of them are very good), I recommend the approach of reading the case at least once without consideration of the questions. That opens the mind up to absorbing details that might otherwise erroneously get dismissed in a “know the questions, hunt for the answers” type of approach. After that, lay our your outline with each question framing a new major section. Then, re-read the case analysis and as you go through, build the outline of your answer with references to page numbers so you can quickly go back. Once the outline is built, you should have a clean connection between your point and some evidence from the case. At that point, it is a matter of polishing the communication without inadvertently changing the thesis.

The case can be found in your Harvard Coursepack, referenced in the Materials section of our syllabus. The case analysis must be submitted through Blackboard in Microsoft Word or .pdf format before 11:59pm Sunday, March 28th.

Case Analysis Questions:

1. Identify the IT general control risks evident from the case. For each risk identified, identifiy possible controls to mitigate those risks and explain why you believe the control would work.

2. Define residual risk and then identify at least three such risks from the case, mapping those examples conceptually to your definition of residual risk.

3. Do you agree with the audit team’s conclusion that the only significant areas of concern in IT general controls are access security and change management? Please explain your answer at a “2-why” minimum standard.

4. What course(s) of action do you recommend that Nelson take based on your analysis of identified risks and suggested controls?

Illness and Disease Management Week 2

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Identify one person from the illness group you chose in Week 1 to interview. The person should not be a patient at the facility in which you work. You can use friends, family members, or coworkers. Do not use the person’s name in the paper, only initials.

Administer the questionnaire you created in Week 1 to that person and address the following:

  • Compile the data and analyze the responses to better illustrate where this person, his or her family, and friends are in relation to accepting the diagnosis in relation to the standard health or illness definitions.
    • The analysis should also include coping skills, treatment, and support aspects of the illness.
  • Explain how this information will direct care plan development for the chosen illness group.
  • Include a copy of the interview you created with the responses from the person interviewed in an Appendix.

Support your responses with examples and information from library resources, textbook and lectures.

On a separate references page, cite all sources using APA format. Helpful APA guides and resources are available in the South University Online Library. Below are guides that are located in the library and can be accessed and downloaded via the South University Online Citation Resources: APA Style page. The American Psychological Association website also provides detailed guidance on formatting, citations, and references at APA Style.

W10 Assignment & Powerpoint

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Section 1: Final Capstone Project Plan

You are now in the final stage of the capstone project development. All previous documentation should be combined into one document that will serve as the statement of work for the project. Your goal is to have the CEO of your chosen company and the leadership team approve your strategy recommendations. The presentation should be very detailed in order to address potential concerns and provide support for your recommendations. However, the executive team is only interested in a 30-minute summation. Therefore, you also must create a compelling executive summary that is supported by details that convince the executive team that it should move forward with your recommendation.

Write a 2–3-page executive summary in which you provide a high-level technical overview of your project (Case 10: Chipotle Mexican Grill) where you address the following from the case study: 

1. Strategy Development.

2. Innovation and Competitive Analysis.

3. Exploiting Innovation.

4. The Organization’s Response to Change.

Section 2: Closing Processing PowerPoint Presentation

In addition to your detailed executive summary, you must present your findings to the executive team and the venture capital group that along with the executive summary will convince everyone that your solution is optimal.

Your PowerPoint must have speaker notes and these speaker notes must be written as if you were presenting this project to your client. A template is provided for your use. You can modify the template based on your professor’s instructions. Do not omit any information from the template because the information aligns with the rubric. Note: Use the Capstone Project Presentation Template [PPTX].   

Prepare a 9–15 slide presentation in which you:

  1. Include a title slide and a slide in which you provide the purpose and objectives of the presentation.
  2. Examine your chosen company’s competitive environment.
  3. Determine your chosen company’s main strengths and weaknesses.
  4. Determine and evaluate two to three strategies to exploit its innovation breakthroughs.
  5. Recommend a strategy for your chosen company.
  6. Advise a key strategic implementation approach.
  7. Include a summation slide in which you provide the key takeaways for the CEO.

This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.

The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:

  • Synthesize project deliverables into an executive summary and presentation of a strategic management process recommendation.