These are the words of Amelia Earhart, one of the world’s most celebrated aviators, an American woman who broke records and charted new waters. The purpose of your mid-term project is to think about the meaning behind Ms. Earhart’s words and to gather information about a woman in your own life that you feel has made a mark in her field.  

Steps  

1 Identify a WOMAN that you feel has made a notable contribution in her field.  

2 Invite this woman to participate in an informal interview.  

3 Assure the woman that the interview will be confidential.  

Conduct the interview using the following questions:  

PERSONAL BACKGROUND  

• Where and when was she born?  

• What was her life like as a child and young adult? (Describe essential aspects of family life, education, pastimes, etc.)  

• What aspects of her early life may have led her to her chosen field of study?  

• What was her personal life like as an adult? Did she marry? Did she have children? What type of person was she?  

ACHIEVEMENTS AND IMPACT  

• At what point did she decide to go into her chosen field?  

• How did she prepare for this field?  

• Who were meaningful career and non-career role models?  

• What contributions did she make to this field and larger society?  

• In what way or ways has her work and achievements impacted society? Provide specific examples.  

• Does she have any regrets about her career?  

• Does she have any wishes for her future career?  

PERSONAL REFLECTIONS  

{Summarize and reflect on the content of your biographical interview}  

• What is one thing that you would like everyone to know about this “notable woman?”  

• What do you think was her most impressive achievement, and why?  

• How has this woman inspired you? In what ways would you like to be her?  

You will present your project as an analysis of the interview you conducted. When you compose your projects, please change the participant’s name to assure confidentiality.  

Your paper should be in APA –  formats  not simply as a question and answer summary.  It would be best if you used as many headings as needed.

Requirements: Papers should be 3-5 pages in length, double spaced.  

Discuss how conflicts can occur through the application of research in politics and policy development. How can the impact be managed to avoid any potential pitfalls?

Politics, Policy, Science, and Evidence

The synergistic, interactional nature of the concepts politics, policy, and science can be conflictual. Understanding the definitions is pertinent to learning the relationship between each:

1. Politics: process of influencing the allocation of scarce resources;
2. Policy: deliberate course of action;
3. Science: study, documentation, and collection of evidence pertaining to observable naturally occurring objects, processes, and phenomenon in ways that can be reproduced objectively to verify the results; and

Evidence: developed by research such as randomized controlled trials, surveys, polls, systematic reviews, meta -analysis, and data mining (Mason, Leavitt, & Chaffee, 2014, p. 307).

Influencing Policy

The US government has been involved in scientific research affecting policy since World War II. Examples of this include the National Academy of Sciences and the Environmental Protection Agency. In order to avoid conflict in science and politics knowledge of critiquing research findings, maintaining scientific inquiry, translating research findings to policymaking, and using appropriate data to shape policy is necessary.

Research is beneficial to policymaking and its inherent nature because it can expose existing problems in politics that need “fixing”. It is challenging to change the mindset of policy makers through strategic agendas, but it is possible with aggressive planning initiatives for advancing nursing healthcare agendas.

Health service research or HSR focuses on research for improving healthcare systems. Data is available from a multitude of sources.  Box 10.2 and Figure 10.1 (Mason et al., 2021) present an example of the process of data informing policy changes and the impact on reform.  In addition, qualitative measures exist. This research data serves to inform the healthcare decision making processes for advancing health policy and improving quality care and patient safety.

I need 1 reply comment to each post with a credible sources, citation and years above 2013 in APA format.

Post 1

CHIEF COMPLAINT: Shortness of Breath and cough

Subjective:  Pt presents with complaints of shortness of breath and productive cough.  Pt relates he is coughing up thick green sputum with occasional bloody sputum. Pt relates that he has increased shortness of breath with walking.  Patient relates that he is also short of breath at rest. Pt also relates that he has had some chills and sweats and felt like he may have a fever.  He states that he has taken Tylenol for those symptoms. 

Objective: Temperature 100.9, Respiratory rate 20, Heart rate 82, Blood pressure right arm 128/70, Oxygen saturation 89% on room air, Weight 210 pounds, EKG shows normal sinus rhythm, Chest radiograph

Assessment:  Skin is warm and moist. Thorax is symmetrical with diminished breath sounds with rales and expiratory wheezes throughout, negative for rhonchi. Wet productive cough noted during exam. Heart is regular sinus rhythm with rate of 82. Good S1, S2; negative S3 or S4 and negative for murmur. Abdomen protuberant with normoactive bowel sounds auscultated in all four quadrants. No pedal edema noted. 2+ dorsalis pedis pulses bilaterally. Neurologic: Patient is awake, alert and oriented to person, place and time. Chest radiograph shows infiltrate in the right middle lobe. 

Priority diagnosis includes 1. Pneumonia 2. Myocardial Infarction 3. Pulmonary embolism   4. Congestive Heart Failure 5. Asthma

1. Pneumonia: The patient presents with productive cough and shortness of breath with exertion.  Patient has elevated temperature and low oxygen saturations along with diminished breath sounds, rales and expiratory wheezes which are all consistent symptoms with community acquired pneumonia. (Lynn, 2017).  Chest radiograph shows right middle lobe infiltrate which is also consistent with pneumonia. (Kaysin and Viera, 2016). 

2. Myocardial Infarction: The patient presents with shortness of breath and low oxygen saturations.  Pt states that his shortness of breath is worse with exertion but is present at rest also.  Dyspnea is a frequent associated symptom with MI. (Lawesson, Thylen, Ericsson, Swahn, Isaksson and Angerud, 2018). The patient did have an EKG completed that revealed a normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 80 with no obvious signs of ectopy.  Evaluation of troponin level would assist in ruling out MI as a diagnosis for this patient. (Berliner, Schneider, Welte and Bauersachs, 2016). 

3. Pulmonary Embolism: Dyspnea is the primary symptom for patients with PE. (Garcia-Sanz, Pena-Alvarez, Lopez-Landeiro, Bermo-Dominguez, Fonturbel and Gonzalex-Barcala, 2014). Onset of dyspnea with PE is typically sudden and further history for this patient related to onset of symptoms.  Evaluation of any extremity pain and swelling, D-dimer or chest angiography would also assist in determining if this was a more likely diagnosis. (Berliner, Schneider, Welte and Bauersachs, 2016).

4. Congestive Heart Failure: Dyspnea is also a common symptom with congestive heart failure.  Fatigue, diminished exercise tolerance and fluid retention are also common symptoms of CHF. (Berliner, Schneider, Welte and Bauersachs, 2016). The patient has rales noted upon auscultation which could be consistent with congestive heart failure however coupled with the remainder of the exam including productive cough with thick green sputum and fever, CHF would not be the primary diagnosis. Further evaluation of extremities of abdomen and extremities for signs of fluid retention would be indicated as well as labs such as BNP. 

5. Asthma: The patient has expiratory wheezes and shortness of breath which are both consistent with asthma; however the patient also has fever and productive cough which are not consistent asthma symptoms. (Huether and McCance, 2017). 

Plan: Not indicated

References

Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V. & Reinhold, J. A.  (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Ball, J. W., Dains, J. E., Flynn, J. A., Solomon, B. S., & Stewart, R. W. (2015). Seidel’s guide to physical examination (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby. 

Berliner, D., Schneider, N., Welte, T., & Bauersachs, J. (2016). The Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea. Deutsches Aerzteblatt International, 113(49), 834. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0834

Debasis, D., & David C., H. (2009). Chest X-ray manifestations of pneumonia. Surgery Oxford, (10), 453. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.08.006

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016). Advanced health assessment and clinical diagnosis in primary care (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

García-Sanz, M., Pena-Álvarez, C., López-Landeiro, P., Bermo-Domínguez, A., Fontúrbel, T., & González-Barcala, F. (2014). Original article: Symptoms, location and prognosis of pulmonary embolism. Revista Portuguesa De Pneumologia, 20194-199. doi:10.1016/j.rppneu.2013.09.006

Post  2

S:

Chief Complaint: “I am having chest pain at this time”

History of Present Illness: Pleasant, Caucasian male experiencing an acute onset of sharp, constant chest pain when taking a deep breath.  Denies any alleviating factors. Yesterday his wife noticed his RT leg was edematous with erythema, denies any injury. Recently he returned from a vacation with an 8-hour plane ride. The patient was not asked if his pain radiated or if he had nausea or dizziness.

Past Medical History: Denies taking any medications. Allergies, surgeries, past medical conditions “not provided.” History of cancer or deep vein thrombosis not provided.

Social History: Married

Review of symptoms:

General: Feels short of breath when taking a deep breath, also having sharp lower RT rib pain.

Cardiovascular: Experiencing tachycardia. Peripheral edema started yesterday in RT lower leg.

Pulmonary: Reports having sharp pain when taking a deep breath with no relief measures noted. Complains of dyspnea with productive hemoptysis cough this morning.

            Gastrointestinal: “not provided.”

O:

VS: BP 148/88 RT arm; P 112 and irregular; R 32 and labored; T 97.9 orally; Pulse Ox 90% on RA; His current weight is stable at 210 pounds.

General: Well-nourished, a well developed Caucasian male who is alert and cooperative. He is a good historian and answers questions appropriately. Patient sitting upright at the side of the cot appears anxious with labored breathing. Guarding noted in the anterior, distal RT rib area.

Cardiovascular: Skin is pallor, cool and diaphoretic. Heart rate is tachycardic. S1 and S2 irregular with no S3, S4, or murmur auscultated. RT calf with erythema, 2+ edema, warmth, and tender with palpation. LT leg with no edema, tenderness, or erythema noted. Bilateral 2+ dorsalis pedis pulse. Telemetry showing a sinus arrhythmia.

Gastrointestinal: Protuberant abdomen with active bowels x 4 quadrants.

Pulmonary: LT Lung clear to auscultation, RT middle and lower lobes with diminished breath sounds. No rales, rhonchi, or wheezing auscultated. Respirations labored. Respiratory excursion symmetrical.

Diagnostic results: CXR, ECG, venous doppler studies and ultrasound for DVT, V/Q scan, CT of the chest, labs- sputum culture, cardiac enzymes. Telemetry.

A:

Differential Diagnosis:

1.) Pulmonary Embolism

2.) Pneumonia

3.) Lung Cancer

4.) Myocardial Infarction

5.) Cardiac Arrythmia

P: “not required”

Evidence and Justification of Differential Diagnosis and Diagnostic Tests

Gruettner J. et al. (2015) report the Wells risk score assesses the history of a previous

DVT or PE in a patient. Assessment of tachycardia, recent surgeries or immobilization,

observation of DVT signs, an alternative diagnosis less likely than pulmonary embolism,

hemoptysis, and cancer are gathered.  Each area is assigned a score and the calculated total score

interprets the probability of having a pulmonary embolism. The patient calculated score

indicated a pulmonary embolism even though the history of cancer was unknown.

The diagnostic test of a CT angiography was found to be successful in the diagnosis of a

pulmonary embolism with Gruettner J. et al. (2015) research. The D-dimer, ABG, EKG, and

computed tomography showed little value in the diagnosis (Gruettner J. et al., 2015).

Dains, J. E., Baumann, L. C., & Scheibel, P. (2016) indicate pneumonia causes the

 This is my research question: How does childhood homelessness impact their mental health and effect their academic progress.  

Please write the Research Proposal Introduction. This section will be 4-8 pages in length. At this point do not include an Abstract. We will save that for the final Research Proposal. Use APA style  (7th edition of the 2019 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association). Please include a Reference List with at least 5 scholarly peer-reviewed articles at the end of the Introduction, which will be the beginning of your Reference List for the entire Research Proposal. You may use the Reference List you created in Week 2 or a revised version of that. Use in-text citations in the body of the Introduction and references (at the end of the Introduction) to back up the facts. All in-text citations should have a reference at the end of the Introduction, and all references at the end should have a corresponding in-text citation.  As may be seen in the outline below, in the Introduction please include: Brief Overview of the Topic, Statement of Problem, Purpose of Study, Social Significance of Study, Research Question and Hypothesis (You created the Research Question in Week 1)and Definition of Key Terms. The Introduction will be submitted through Turnitin with the expectation that your Similarity Score will be no higher than 10-15%. 

The link below contains an outline for the Introduction. 

Introduction Outline

• You have by now identified an issue/problem in the field of counseling that you would like to investigate (For example, domestic violence ).
• Narrow the problem down, e.g., What about the problem do you want to investigate (For example, impact of prolonged domestic violence on children).
• Offer justification why anyone should care about this problem. You can give statistics as to how this problem affects individuals and why readers should care (For example, children exposed to prolonged domestic violence are twice as prone to committing violent acts than their counterparts). 
• What research has already been done in this area and why you should investigate this issue further? (For example, there is limited research on what the long-term effects of exposure to domestic violence are for children, furthermore, how stress impacts children in situations like bullying in schools, isolation in social environments). 
• How would your research/investigation contribute to the body of research on the subject and help this problem? (For example, if we know how stress impacts children who are already prone to more violent acts, we can establish proactive work, counseling strategies, team-activities, teacher training and so on to prevent these children from acting out in the face of stressful situations and learn better coping mechanisms for affect regulation, thus decreasing bullying, group violence, mass school shootings, etc.)
• Continue collecting scholarly articles and books that speak to your research interest. Compile a reference list of literature that can help you build a solid argument with “for and against” points. You will return to these in the Literature Review where you provide a more detailed discussion of the current literature on the topic. 

Your paper will be evaluated on the following criteria:

Student identified a research question that is relevant to the counseling discipline, aligns with current trends in the field, is specific, and has clear implications for practice15 pointsStudent included a problem statement that identified a gap in the literature and cited peer reviewed sources. Student included a purpose statement that clearly identified the scope of the proposal. Student articulated the social significance of the proposed study, including how the results of the proposed study could conceivably assist counselors in better serving the population of interest and how society as a whole might benefit from this.15 pointsWriting is satisfactory for graduate-level writing expectations; the paper: uses clear and appropriate language; has no errors in spelling, grammar, and syntax; has good organization; follows APA documentation protocol.10 pointsThe project cites a variety of peer-reviewed sources to back up all claims of fact. The student draws conclusions from a variety of sources and theoretical traditions to demonstrate scholarly insight on the content area10 points
 

Rubric link: https://blackboard.strayer.edu/webapps/rubric/do/course/gradeRubric?mode=grid&isPopup=true&rubricCount=1&prefix=_27146929_1&course_id=_393540_1&maxValue=130.0&rubricId=_1042655_1&viewOnly=true&displayGrades=false&type=grading&rubricAssoId=_1401676_1