In a 750-word evaluation, discuss how the role and function of budgeting has been utilized to correct externalities and other market failures. Additionally, justify the use of taxpayer resources to correct externalities and other market failures. Make sure that you support your assertions with scholarly and biblical references

Use bolded statements as headings in your thread. (Failure to do so will affect your score.) 

I. Analyze the role of the government in the budget process 

II. Analyze the role of the government in correcting externalities and other market failures 

III. Analyze the use of taxpayer resources to correct externalities and other market failures

The assignment is to analyze, not describe: 

Descriptive writing merely communicates the “what”– in other words, it describes a situation as it is. Plain and simple. It does not consider anything beyond that. Contrasted to this, analysis communicates the “so what?” – in other words, the significance, and implications of a given situation. Ideally, this impact discussion should link to the research questions or broader research purpose. 

Externalities are a consequence of a governmental activity that affect other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved. Externalities by nature often are environmental. Some examples of negative externalities include: 

· Air pollution 

· Water pollution 

· Farm animal production 

· Passive smoking. 

· Traffic congestion 

· Noise pollution 

Market failure is an inefficient allocation of resources. Government failure occurs when government intervention results in a more inefficient and wasteful allocation of resources.

Writing a Successful Thread Post 

Make sure not to give a canned/summary brief of the assignment. Focus on the assignment objectives: (1) the role of the government in the budget process, (2) the role of the government in correcting externalities and other market failures, and (3) the use of taxpayer resources to correct externalities and other market failures. Do not become involved is discussing other topics. Make sure to follow the assignment’s directions and outline.

Tasks

Students will complete both tasks for the option assigned:

1. Task 1: Prepare an S-corporation tax return utilizing the option provided provided by the instructor.
2. Task 2: Complete an individual income tax return with the assumption that one of the shareholders from the entity return is your client. Reference “Topic 8 Tax Return Problem Data Set A, Problem C:11-61” (Option 1) 

General Requirements

Refer to the resource, “Tax Rate Schedules and Other Items,” located in the course materials.

Utilize the following resources, “Topic 8 Entity Tax Return: Check Figures C:11-61” (Option 1) 

You will be working individually to complete an S-corporation tax return and an individual income tax return. The completed tax returns can be submitted in paper copy during class (if uploaded to LoudCloud – please scan and upload one single document. Note if you upload multiple documents, the assignment will not be graded and you will be required to turn in a paper copy or resubmit a single document with possible late point deductions). Use 2019 forms only (points will be deducted for using 2018 or 2020 forms).

Required (Use 2019 Tax Forms)

Prepare an S-corporation tax return. See data below. You will need the following forms:

• Form 1120S and corresponding schedules, including Schedules L and M-1
• Schedule K-1 for Herman Hiebert (from Problem C:11-61)
• For the Schedule K-1, use the address and SSN information below for Herman.

Individual Taxpayer Information 

Individual tax forms required: Use 2019 Tax Forms

• Form 1040
• Schedule 1
• Schedule 3
• Schedule A
• Schedule B
• Schedule D
• Schedule E
• Form 8949
• Form 8995
• Form 4797 (see item 2.i. below)

1. Herman Hiebert’s social security number is XYZ-12-3789. He is married but does not have any dependents. His wife’s name is Rebecca and her social security number is XYZ-45-6789. They live at 1345 E. 44th Street, City, ST 85017
2. Additional information to complete the tax returns:
   1. Rebecca works at Intel Corporation and earned $160,000 during the tax year. 
   2. Her federal tax withholding was $30,000 and Arizona income taxes withheld were $8,000. Herman made federal estimated tax payments of $15,000 and Arizona estimated payments of $1,500
   3. Mortgage interest on their personal residence was $15,200 and property taxes were $5,150.
   4. Additional charitable contributions of $10,500 were paid during the year.
   5. On July 10, 2018, they sold 1,000 shares of Intel Corporation stock for $70 per share. They purchased the stock on May 1, 2012, for $56 per share. 
   6. The taxpayers have a long-term capital loss carry forward of $10,000.
   7. Assume AMT does not apply. 
   8. Apply any refund to estimated tax payments for the next year.
   9. Instead of preparing Form 4797 (since it was already prepared for the S-corporation), input any gain/loss from the Sec. 1231 asset on Form 1040, Schedule 1, line 14.  
3. Download the appropriate tax forms from the IRS website (www.irs.gov). Include any necessary supporting schedules and supporting documentation. Use 2019 tax forms only (points will be deducted for using incorrect forms).
4. If submitting to LoudCloud, create one PDF file with all of the tax forms in the order they should appear in a submitted tax return. If submitting paper copy, remember to put the forms in the proper order. Points will be deducted for out-of-order form placement. Remember to include the appropriate taxpayer information on the forms, as points will be deducted for missing items. 

Topic 8 Entity Tax Return: Check Figures C:11-61

Bottle Up, Inc. Problem C:11-61

Form 1120S, Page 1 – 

• Total income, line 6: $1,011,000
• Total deductions, line 20*: $938,533
• You should have values on the following lines: 1a, 1b, 1c, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 21. Do not complete lines 22-27. 

*Attach a schedule to the tax return showing the items and amounts for line 20, other deductions. 

• Be sure you are using Form 1120S and not Forms 1120 or 1065.
• Remember to use 2019 tax forms. Points will be deducted for 2018 or 2020 forms. Forms can be located at www.irs.gov. Use the “find forms” or search feature. Depending on the time of year, the 2019 forms may be in the “prior year” section. 

Form 1120S, Page 2, Schedule B

• Answer lines 1 – 2 based on the information provided in the problem. 
• Answer no to all items 3-11. If a field does not need to be completed, leave it blank. Points will be deducted for failing to complete this schedule. 

Form 1120S, Pages 3 and 4 (i.e., Schedule K) – 

• You should have amounts on the line numbers: 1, 4, 5a, 5b, 8a, 9, 12a, 12b, 12d (include type of item), 15a, 16a, 16c, 16d, 17a, 17b, and 18. Note: Line 1 should be the same as line 21 from page 1. 
• Line 17a should be the investment income items added together. Review the items on page 3 of Sch. K to determine the amount. For line 17b, the amount is provided in the textbook problem. 
• Line 18 should be $122,733.

Form 1120S, Page 4 (Schedule L) – 

• Schedule L – This is the balance sheet copied directly from the case in the textbook. Remember the assets should equal the liabilities and capital. Complete the values for the beginning and end of the year. 

Note: Use column (a) for any items where you may have subtotals, such as net accounts receivable or plant assets. For example, line 10a should be $375,434 in column (a) and line 10b should be $161,318 also in column (a) with the net result reported on line 10b in column (b) of $214,116. The items from column (b) are added together (or subtracted, as applicable) to get your total assets, liabilities, and equity. 

Form 1120S, Page 5 (Schedules M-1 and M-2) – 

• Schedule M-1 (optional and for extra points)– use the information from the problem to complete this section. Line 8 should be the same net income you report on Page 3, line 18. Line 4 should be $147,862.
• Do not complete Schedule M-2. 

Form 1120S, Schedule D – 

Complete the Schedule D for Form 1120S. Use the boxes on line 10 to report the information applicable to the capital transaction, as provided in the problem. 

Form 1120S, Form 1125-A – 

• You should have values on lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Check the applicable boxes for lines 9a, 9e, and 9f. 
• The information to calculate cost of goods sold is found in the problem. Be sure not to double count any expenses you report on 1125-A on page 1 of Form 120S. 

Form 1120S, Form 4797 – 

• Report the sale of the Sec. 1231 asset on this form in Part I. 

Form 1120S, Schedule K-1 – 

• You should have amounts in the same boxes as you reported on the Schedule K (pages 3 and 4 of Form 1120S). 
• For lines 12, 16 and 17, be sure to include both the amounts and the applicable code. The codes are located on page 2 of the Sch. K-1 form. 
• You are only required to prepare the Schedule K-1 for Herman. It is okay to ignore the second shareholder for purpose of this project. 
• Herman is an individual. He has owned 50% of the S-corporation interest all year. See the tax return project instructions for his address and social security number. 

Herman and Rebecca Hiebert

Form 1040 – 

Taxable income, line 11b: $302,830a
Total owed, line 23: $12,956 (use 2019 tax tables)b,c

______

a For purposes of this assignment, calculate the the Qualified Business Income Deduction. Refer to the instructions for Form 8995 to assist in the calculation of this item.
b Ignore the 3.8% net investment income tax for high-wealth individuals.
c Remember to take into consideration the items subject to the capital gain tax preference rate when calculating the total tax liability. 

Schedule A – 

• For line 9, include the investment interest expense from the S-corporation. 
• On line 11, remember to include the cash contributions from both the taxpayers and the amount allocated from the S-corporation. 

Form 8949 –  

• Line 2h (Part II), $14,000

Schedule D – 

• Line 15, $28,333

Schedule E – 

• Line 32, $36,234

 

NEED THIS IN 10:00 pm pst time / read the stories and use the 6-step program to analyze and evaluate them. 

the upload files are EXAMPLE OF HOW TO DO SOME OF THEM

show me(below) 6 step program to analyze for these 2 stories 

Real World:

Model A: 

Model B(if needed)

Prediction A:

Prediction B(if needed)

Data: 

Negative Evidence: 

Positive Evidence: 

1.   Some scientists are arguing that Mars has an entire ocean’s worth of water… but trapped within the crust. Generally, everyone agrees that water once existed in great supply on the surface, due to telltale geographical features of Mars that indicate ancient shorelines, as well as networks of gullies that merge into larger channels implying erosion by water. The obvious question, though, is where did all this water go? The long-standing theory posits that, due to Mars’ lower gravity, all the Martian water evaporated and escaped through the atmosphere into outer space. The new theory, however, posits that as much as 99% of the ancient water was absorbed and bound into the rocky crust. As we know already happens on Earth, when water interacts with rock, chemical weathering forms clays and other hydrous minerals that contain water as part of their mineral structure. Both the old and new theories would equally expect to find hydrous minerals on the surface; however, they would disagree in expectations over the traces of water still in the Martian atmosphere. While water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O), the hydrogen part of water comes in two types: protium (light) and deuterium (heavy). The deuterium water makes up just a tiny fraction (0.02 percent) of water molecules, and because it is heavier, it is far less likely to escape the Martian atmosphere. Thus, if the old theory is correct that nearly all the water on Mars evaporated into space, it would predict the ratio of deuterium water molecules to protium water molecules still remaining in the atmosphere to show far more deuterium. However, if the new theory is correct that most of the ancient water was absorbed into the crust, then it would predict a much lower amount of deuterium in the atmosphere. Data collected by the ExoMars satellite reveals that the amount of deuterium in the atmosphere is indeed much lower than the old theory predicted.

2.   Although noted thousands of years earlier by Aristotle, the peculiar “waggle dance” of the honeybee upon returning to the hive had remained mostly a mystery, or passing curiosity, until Karl von Frisch’s work in the 20th Century. In the 1920s, von Frisch’s first theory about the waggle dance was just that the dancing bee was merely imparting the scent of the flower in which it had just foraged, exciting its fellow bees to go off in search of more of the same. However, some 20 years later, von Frisch challenged his old theory with a new one. The new theory posited that the waggle dance was communicating much more information than just the scent of the flower; the waggle dance was also communicating specific flight directions. In 1943, von Frisch set up an experiment and installed one feeding place close to the hive (within 12 meters), and another much further away (300 meters). For this new experiment, the old theory predicts no change in the waggle dance between bees foraging the nearby food versus bees foraging the far away food, while the new theory predicted differences in the dances of the two sets of bees. In his observations, von Frisch noticed very different dancing patterns from foragers returning from the nearby feeding source as opposed to those returning from the distant feeder. All foragers from nearby performed short and round dances, whereas all foragers from the long-distance food source performed longer figure-8 tail-wagging dances. Karl von Frisch also noted the fact that the honeybee tail-wagging dance was different between the two groups in their dancing at different angles relative to vertical, which corresponded to the different angles relative to the sun that would direct the bees to the nearby or distant feeders.

You have been assigned by the chief of police to create and implement a strategic communication plan to respond to the community following a high-profile use of force event by an officer with your department. While the use of force appears to have been legally justified and within department policy, there is still a great deal of negative reaction from the public.
Preparation
Review the steps for developing a strategic communication plan from Chapter 3 of Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives.
Instructions
Using the specific steps outlined, write a 2–3 page communication plan in which you:

• Outline the approach that you would use to research and interpret the situational analysis for your hometown.
• Determine the main goals and objectives of your proposed communication plan.
• Predict the target group of your communication plan.
• Propose the general communication strategies of your proposed plan. 
  • Provide a rationale for your response.
• Develop the first four main steps of your local police department’s strategic communication plan. 
  • Provide a rationale for your response.
  • Make sure to use the four specific steps found in Strategic Communication Practices: A Toolkit for Police Executives.
• Use two credible, relevant, and appropriate sources to support your writing. Cite each source listed on your source page at least once within your assignment. For help with research, writing, and citation, access the library or review library guides.
• This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards. For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is:
• Review principles and strategies of community- and problem-oriented policing.

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