Due April 22 at 11:59 PM

Chi-square tests are nonparametric tests that examine nominal categories as opposed to numerical values. Consider a situation in which you may want to transform numerical scores into categories. Provide a specific example of a situation in which categories are more informative than the actual values.

Suppose we had conducted an ANOVA, with individuals grouped by political affiliation (Republican, Democrat, and Other), and we were interested in how satisfied they were with the current administration.  Satisfaction was measured on a scale of 1-10, so it was measured on a continuous scale.  Explain what changes would be required so that you could analyze the hypothesis using a chi-square test. For instance, rather than looking at test scores as a range from 0 to 100, you could change the variable to low, medium, or high. What advantages and disadvantages do you see in using this approach? Which is the better option for this hypothesis, the parametric approach or nonparametric approach? Why?”

Justify your answers with appropriate reasoning and research from your textbook and course readings. Start reviewing and responding to at least two of your classmates as early in the week as possible. You can ask technical questions or respond generally to the overall experience. Be honest, clear, and concise. Always use constructive language, even in criticism, to work toward the goal of positive progress. Using questions and seeking clarifications are good ways to make your reviews substantive!

 

Final Goal: To write a philosophy paper, per the guidelines detailed in “Writing a philosophy paper” in week two. You will research and discuss one of the theories listed below. You need to pick one you understand and like or appreciate. You should strive to demonstrate adequate understanding of the theory first in the paper. At least half of the paper should be a discussion of the various components of the theory. Work to demonstrate your understanding of the theory. Then, you will apply the theory to a discussion of a contemporary topic. See the example at the bottom of this page. 

Week Three Goal: To complete the Proposal/Source Evaluation Worksheet. After crafting your introduction paragraph (or two) per the instructions in “Writing a Philosophy Paper” you will list and evaluate a minimum of three resources you intend to use in completing in the final paper.  Keep the following in mind as you compile the resources:

• At least one resource must come from either the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy or the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Depending on the philosophy or philosopher some alternatives may be acceptable – check with your instructor).
• It is good to find at least one peer-reviewed paper on either the philosophy or the topic or both. See the Philosophy Program Guide for links to many helpful resources. 
• One can be from a credible internet resource such as Crash Course videos. TED or other scholarly, video resource. Depending on the topic, you may use websites or other credible online resources. What will be the best resource will depend on your topic.
• The final paper should be no less than 1500 words, be double-spaced, and contain properly formatted citations and references. Ideally, MLA or APA will be used, but if your degree normally uses another system, check with your instructor.
• NO WIKIPEDIA or other open resources.
• There is no minimum word count on the “summary” section but must be at least several well-crafted sentences to describe the contents of the source and how you plan to use it. It should NOT be just copied and pasted from the resource. [Note, this list is not meant to be carved in stone or a complete list. As you research, your final list could be longer or contain some different sources.].

Theories to choose from (You must pick one of these or some other accepted moral theory – be sure you do some research before choosing. You will be using the theory to justify your position on the contemporary issue):

• Care Ethics
• Contractarianism
• Divine Command Theory
• Ethical Egoism (Ayn Rand)
• Immanuel Kant’s Deontological Ethics
• John Rawls’ Theory of Justice
• John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism
• Natural Law Theory
• Prima Facie Duties (W. D. Ross)
• Rights Theory ( use https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights/ )
• Virtue Theory (Aristotle)
• If there is another theory you have read about and intrigued with, consult your instructor for permission or guidance

Contemporary topics: This is much more open-ended. When considering a contemporary topic, think about current events, some ethical issue you are passionate about, or an ethical issue you know a lot about, or perhaps even encounter in your professional or personal life.  If you have questions regarding selecting an issue please ask your Instructor for guidance. Just keep in mind the goal is to use your theory to argue for or against some position on that topic. 

Here is a link to a list of 30 ethical issues. Here is another website with dozens of topics and cases.

The Instructor’s feedback from this assignment may help you focus on your topic.  If you need help coming up with an idea of an ethical issue to critique with your ethical theory, you can begin by taking a look at the following website, but don’t feel constrained by this list.  This is an opportunity for you to be creative in your thinking and to do something that you are interested in learning more about!

If you have writing questions, please see the University Writing Center.

Introduction paragraph example: Say you want to write on transgender women competing in women’s sports and want to argue that it is morally right to allow these women even though they have a clear physical advantage. You choose to use W.D Ross’s Prima Facie Duties.

There has been much controversy lately about whether it is morally right to allow transgender women to compete in women’s sports. There are many voices against this, fewer in support of the practice. Using W.D Ross’s Prima Facie Duties a defense is made supporting the practice. After discussing the history and contents of the theory, the duties of reparation, justice, beneficence, and self-improvement are applied to this practice justifying the notion that denying transgender women the right to compete is morally unjustified.

Resources:

• APUS Library
• APUS Library: MLA Resources
• Owl @ Purdue: MLA Style
• Owl @ Purdue: Sample MLA Paper

 

Prepare

Prior to beginning work on this discussion, read the articles Hone Your Writing Skills for Professional Success the “Write” Way  and Write Well, Go Far: It’s the Skill Every Employer Demands. Here’s How to Build It.

Then, browse through the series of interviews with professionals across multiple industries at the Vault: Day in the Life (Links to an external site.) series to gain insight on the main duties of each profession, the work environment, training requirements, advancement prospects, and more. Feel free to explore other such videos or primary source articles.

Select two sources, preferably by someone in a career field that interests you, and review these resources thoroughly.

Reflect

Every major, and every professional field, relies on written communication skills to some degree. Though not every source you locate, or every specific job title researched, will specifically indicate this, you should be able to use your critical-thinking skills to partially picture how written communication is an important professional and lifelong skill.

 

Write

In 250 to 300 words, address the following points:

• Summarize your two chosen sources. Include any specific information presented.
• Discuss how written communication skills are used professionally.
• Identify any gaps in the information presented. What question or questions do you have about the field that were not answered in these sources?
• Explain how this information affects your view of that career.

For guidance in your professional writing, see the What Is Professional Writing? (Links to an external site.) resource from the Writing Center.

One of the fundamental rights we have as Americans is freedom of speech. Most people feel it is one of the most important aspects of our country and what sets us apart from many other countries in the world. However, that does not mean it is not without controversy. Freedom:what it is, when it should be censored, and its impact on society. 

Is freedom of speech unassailable, and should be protected at all costs, or are there times when it should be censored or prosecuted for what it may imply or encourage people to do? If there are limits, what are they? Does free speech exist, or is it up for us, or the government, to define it? 

utilize Rogerian Argument for this essay

 Cite each source at least once:

“The Case for Censoring Hate Speech” 

http://djole.altervista.org/djole/SchoolPage/TCC/101/ReadNotes/C/CensorHateSpeechANNOTATED.htm

“The Unfree Speech Movement”

https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.wsj.com/amp/articles/sol-stern-the-unfree-speech-movement-1411515064

 “On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codes”

https://www.aaup.org/report/freedom-expression-and-campus-speech-codes

 “Intimidation Is the New Normal”

https://www.chronicle.com/article/intimidation-is-the-new-normal-on-campus/

 “Talking Past Each Other on Free Speech” 

https://www.chronicle.com/article/talking-past-each-other-on-free-speech/

There are three (3) things to do when addressing counterargument. 

1) Refute: Show where their point is wrong and provide evidence

2) Concede: Admit that they have a legitimate point.  This shows that are looking at the topic in a fair and balanced manner.

3) Partially Concede:  Show that the opposing side has a point, but is only partially correct, which weakens its argument.

Address at least two (2) of the oppositions most compelling counterargument in this essay**

Response 1:

 

CPFR  (Andrews, 2008) is an acronym which stands for Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment. It is supply chain planning model aimed at collaborative integration of supply chains between two businesses, while reducing costs for both parties. CPFR is a four-step process  (Vanguard Software, 2017)that includes a stage for strategic planning, a stage for forecasting sales and order planning, a stage for execution, and finally an analysis stage to assess the overall performance of this collaborative effort.

Use and implementation of the CPFR process can greatly reduce a phenomenon that is known as the “bullwhip effect”. The bullwhip effect takes its name from the cracking of a bullwhip and is caused by any fluctuation or deviation in demands. Those closest to the handle  (Arkieva, 2018) of the whip (customer) may see little of the effect, where as those as the end see a greater impact as the whip expands. The overall effect is inaccurate forecasts and a higher on-hand inventory on all ends of the supply chain. Where CPFR can reduce the bullwhip effect is self-explanatory, the CPFR plan is built on collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment. This plan requires communication from the customer at the end of the supply chain and the manufacturer at the beginning of the supply chain. If both ends are in constant contact, there is less likelihood of there being a miscommunication between the two parties, and this will ultimately reduce the bullwhip effect.

There are several supply chain metrics that can improve with the use of CPFR  (Spacey, 2016), including customer order cycle time, which is a measure of the time it takes to deliver the order to the customer once the order is received by the manufacturer. Another metric that can see improvement is the fill rate, which is the percentage of the order filled on the first shipment. Supply chain cycle time is another metric that can be improved. Supply chain cycle time is the amount of time it takes to fill an order for a customer if inventory levels were at zero. Other metrics that can be improved are the on-time shipping rate which is a measure of items that arrive on or before the requested fate of shipping, and the inventory turnover rate, which is the frequency in which a business cycles through its inventory during the calendar year.

Response 2:

 

 The purpose of this unit 2 discussion board assignment will be to examine and explain the process of implementing Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment also known and referred to as (CPRF) is used between partners or collaborators within the supply chain. This partnering between supply chains can prove to be both important and significant in helping to reduce or decrease what is termed or defined as a bullwhip effect. In most cases supply chains are able to meet many of their goals and objectives together. Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR) is based on a conception or theory that when supply chains integrate (assist and support) joint methods or procedures, there is a higher chance for success. CPFR is a method that moves to promote a form of cooperation for managing inventory and stock by way of replenishment and joint visibility of goods within the supply chain. The shared information between vendors and suppliers can be beneficial moving forward to plan and satisfy the needs and demands of the consumer using a system which is also supported by shared information. The CPRF process will also enable supply chains to have updates to upcoming requirements and their inventory which will the supply chain process efficient and effective from end-to-end (Hausman, Lee, & Subramanian, 2012).

      The bullwhip effect is defined as an anomaly that gives a prognosis or estimation of inefficiencies to the supply chain process. In many instances it refers to increased swings in inventory based on the response to the consumer demand and need for certain products. Consumer need and demand plays a significant role when it comes to moving product or merchandise along the supply chain. As stated earlier, supply chains are able to offset this effect to their 3PL practices and procedures by partnering together (Venkataraman & Pinto, 2019 ). Here are a list of methods that can be used by supply chains to reduce and avoid the bullwhip effect.

1. Continuous improvement of both communication and information within the structure of the supply chain.
2. Reduction in delays of orders, product availability and delivery time.
3. Use of a point of sale (POS) system to closely monitor consumer purchases and ordering behavior.
4. Reduction in amount or quantity to be ordered so that inventory may be able to move freely within the supply chains distribution system.
5. Maintain price consistency when there are fluctuations within the market.

 

CPRF if properly established and implemented can help improve the metrics of any supply chain strategy or plan. With an improved and efficient metric system in place, the supply hain is then in a position to achieve both its goals and objectives. Metrics are a significant standard or method for measuring and gauging performance which will help to communicate and convey this information to company executives and shareholders. Metrics that both play a role and would be improved in the supply chain strategy are:

• Inventory Velocity
• Perfect Order – Customer
• Perfect Order – Supplier
• Time Compression  

Proper implementation of these metrics can and will help to increase the overall performance and sustainability of the supply chain. The significance of these metrics is due to being able to identify and deal with the complete supply chain method and process. The success of these metrics can help to mitigate the problems and failures of a company that deal with such things as; growth, sales and profitability. The value and importance of these metrics are felt in industries, businesses and markets (Cecere, 2015).