Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:

• Textbook:Chapter 15, 16
• Minimum of 1 outside scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Instructions
For the initial post, respond to one of the following options, and label the beginning of your post indicating either Option 1 or Option 2:

• Option 1: What items that you frequently use do you think have the greatest negative impact on the environment? Explain how the use of the item or items impacts the environment and the people in your community.
• Option  2: What steps might individuals in your own community taken to lessen negative impacts on the environment? What are some approaches communities could take to encourage members to reduce waste or negative impacts on the environment?

Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. If possible, respond to one peer who chose an option different than the one you chose. Further the dialogue by providing more information and clarification. Make sure that you add additional information and not repeat the same information already posted on the discussion board as you further the dialogue.

Writing Requirements

• 1  Full Page (Please)
• APA  format for in-text citations and list of references
• Include citations from at least the assigned textbook/lesson reading and one additional outside scholarly source to support your response.

 

The purpose behind much of advertising is to influence each of the five Consumer Decision Making process (Problem Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Product Choice (i.e. Purchase) and Outcomes (i.e. Postpurchase). Each stage of the Consumer Decision Making process has techniques that help consumers to manage the stage and then move onto the next one successfully.  Eventually, the consumer moves to purchase (where we get excited to make the sale) but don’t underestimate how important the last stage (post purchase) is to making additional sales in the future.  Below are guidelines that show basic techniques used to target and manipulate each Consumer Decision Stage through advertising.

Below are some issues that you will want to consider as you evaluate each of the five chosen  advertisements. Please remember that your goal is not simply to answer these questions, but to provide insights into the consumer’s decision making process that you feel would be useful to a marketing manager (e.g., if an ad triggered the consumer’s decision to purchase the product).  Other areas to comment on would be level of involvement, etc.

Consumer Decision Making Stage:

Considerations for Stage:

Common Ad Techniques:

Problem Recognition

• What problems does this product solve for the consumer?   • What triggered the decision to purchase this product? • Was this the first time the consumer purchased such a product?  
• Define and discern the Actual and Desired States
• Ask a question (What’s for dinner tonight?)
• Show before (actual state) and after (desired state)
• Use the word “new” or “introducing” to initiate curiosity.

Information Search

• Did the consumer seek information about the product and about various brands?  How was this information collected, and how much information was collected?   • Was the consumer searching for any advertisements for the product?  What was the consumer’s reaction to these advertisements?  

• Match amount of information with type of product.
• Direct consumers to website, free kit or other information venues.
• Show role models that “look” like the target market.
• Show the entire line of product offerings (all the flavors and colors, etc.)
• Testimonials, etc.

Evaluation of Alternatives

• How many alternatives were considered?  How were they selected? • What features and characteristics of the product were most important to the consumer?  Salient and Determinant defined attributes.
• How important was the brand of the product to the consumer?

• Featuring specific variables that the product is known for (ex. Volvo=Safety). This is known as “positioning” a product.
• Competitive method (brand compares themselves to “leading brand or category”)
• Comparative method (brand compares themselves to another brand by name (Coke vs. Pepsi)

Product Choice

• Did any other people play a role in the decision process?  Describe the roles that each person played.
• How was the final choice determined?  How carefully was the decision made?
• Where did the consumer make the purchase?  Why? • Did the consumer pay full price for the product?  

• Tell consumers where and how the product is sold.
• Offer many ways to pay for the product.
• Divide payments.
• Offer sales promotion (coupons, rebates)

Post-Purchase Evaluation

• How is the product used and consumed?  How does the consumer feel when he or she uses the product?
• What is the meaning of this product to the consumer?  

Does it merely
serve a function for the consumer, or does it say something about who the consumer is?

Does the Ad encourage repeat purchase or loyalty to the brand- how?

• Show awards the brand has won.
• Show how a brand should be consumed.
• Allow consumers many ways to return the product.
• Allow consumers to easily provide feedback.
• Reward consumers loyalty

This assignment asks you to find one ad that addresses each of the needs of the five stages (in other words five different ads). This means that there must be five different ads for the total project, one for each stage (all ads are different from one another).  Create a Power Point Presentation that shows how the advertiser is addressing the needs of the consumer for the specific Consumer Decision Making stage.

*Be aware that there is a helpful power point demonstration in a conference opened this week marked as “Advertising and the Consumer Decision Process (Ad Examples)”.  This is informative only and does not need to be commented on.

First, show the ad in a slide and then follow-up with a slide which explains (bullet form) why the ad slide targets the Consumer Decision Making process stage. ALL ADS MUST BE STILL ADS (NO VIDEOS or LINKS).  Therefore the ad MUST be able to be copied and pasted within the power point slide (NO LINKS).  Here is the format of the presentation:

Slide 1: Name, date

Slide 2: Problem Recognition Ad

Slide 3: Explanation why it addresses this stage

Slide 4: Information Search Ad

Slide 5: Explanation why it addresses this stage

Slide 6: Evaluation of Alternatives Ad

Slide 7: Explanation why it addresses this stage

Slide 8: Product Choice (Purchase) Ad

Slide 9: Explanation why it addresses this stage

Slide 10: Outcomes (Postpurchase) Ad

Slide 11: Explanation why it addresses this stage

Slide 12: Conclusion

In the conclusion of the slide presentation choose which ad is most effective (overall) and why.

Logistics Run Down:

-No more than 18 slides in length  (includes cover page and bibliography)

-Include a cover page and bibliography of sources. Outside sources (esp. learning resources from weeks covered) are encouraged to be cited and used.

-Organize and utilize the headings given above.

-No more than 2 grammatical/spelling errors are allowed (please proof before submitting).

-Text is required to be in Times Roman, using 14-18 pt font, double space the text.  Do not choose distracting PP backgrounds that take away from the presentation of material.  Use bullet format for analysis.  

– Keep voice in business third person. Do not include visuals in text analysis, if need to add create an appendix and refer your reader to such.

READING 

 

https://researchleap.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/01_Explaining-the-Consumer-Decision-Making-Process.pdf

http://www.slideshare.net/zenaidaalbarasin/entrepreneurial-mngt

http://web.csulb.edu/~pamela/pubs/Involvement_Commitment_Model.pdf 

Application: Special Needs From a Variety of Perspectives

Throughout this course, you will be studying many topics related to children with special needs. The readings, content reviews, and Discussions will help you gain a valuable base of information. To expand your knowledge, the course Applications will offer ways to explore areas of special needs in more depth and increase your awareness of what it is like to teach and to parent a child with special needs, or to be someone who has been identified with a special need.

Before you begin the Week 1 Application, review the outline below in order to plan effectively.

• Week 1: Write a Brochure on Early Intervention Services. You will imagine yourself in the role of a Child Development Community Liaison for a nonprofit organization that provides programs related to infant/toddler healthy development. Your job is to create a brochure for infant/toddler program directors and caregivers informing them about your services.
• Week 2: Interview with a Teacher or Caregiver. You will have a choice of interviewing a teacher whose expertise is special education and who works with children ages 3–8, or a teacher or caregiver who has a child or children in his/her setting who have been identified with special needs.
• Week 3: Research and Information Exchange, Part 1. You will research a category of special needs that is of interest to you in order to gain a greater depth of knowledge.
• Week 4: Research and Information Exchange, Part 2. You will share, review, and reflect on fellow students’ research on different categories of special needs.
• Week 5: Interview with a Parent of a Child with Special Needs or with a Student or Adult with Special Needs. You will have a choice of interviewing a parent or other close adult family member of a child with special needs, or a person with special needs who would like to share his or her experiences and perspectives.

Week 1: Write a Brochure on Early Intervention Services

As you have learned this week, early intervention services can include programs for infants and toddlers who may be at risk from biological or environmental issues that could lead to developmental delays or other special needs. One challenge to early intervention service providers is to ensure that they reach out and connect with families. All of the various types of infant and toddler programs in a community, including family day care homes, Early Start, faith-based programs, community organizations, can play an important role in connecting families to available early intervention services.

For your Application Assignment this week, imagine that you have been hired as a Child Development Community Liaison for a community organization called The Guidance Center Inc. In reality, this respected, not-for-profit organization serves the communities of Cambridge and Somerville in Massachusetts. As part of The Guidance Center’s Early Childhood Services for ages 0–6 , their Infant-Toddler Services include four programs that provide services to pregnant women, infants, toddlers, and their families.

As the Child Development Community Liaison, your job is to connect with infant and toddler program directors and caregivers and communicate both a strong message about the importance of early intervention and the services The Guidance Center provides. Your supervisor has asked you to:

1. Draft a two-page brochure that emphasizes why early intervention is important and the ways it is addressed through The Guidance Center.*

1. Include in the brochure, an idea for an additional program or a way to improve a current program in order to better meet the goal of providing quality early interventions services for pregnant women, infants, toddlers, and/or their families.

* Though The Guidance Center is a real organization, this scenario has been created only for this course. The brochure you create is intended only to further your own knowledge of early intervention services and not to be used for distribution.

To complete this Application Assignment, do the following:

Step 1: Learn About Infant-Toddler Services at The Guidance Center

Click on the link below for the “Early Childhood Services” overview page on The Guidance Center Inc. Web site:

http://guidancectr.org/our-services/

From the “Early Childhood Services” menu on the left of the page, click on and read about the Infant-Toddler Services programs. You may also choose to visit the Elizabeth Peabody House web site for further information. Be sure to refer to the Home Visiting section located under the Resources tab.

Step 2: Create The Guidance Center Infant-Toddler Services Brochure

Use the information you have learned about the Infant-Toddler Services to create a draft of a two-page brochure. Make sure your brochure includes:

As you write, keep these tips in mind:

• Think about how to present the information in ways that are professional and, at the same time, capture attention.

• Think about how the brochure can help assure infant-toddler program directors and caregivers that families they refer will feel comfortable and respected, i.e., consider ways that The Guidance Center is sensitive to different cultures within the community.

Assignment length: 2 pages

Submit this assignment by Day 7 of this week.

1) Please reply to the following discussion with one reference. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Cite resources in your responses to other classmates.

2) Also, answer the following question in a separate small paragraph with one reference.

Question: She tells you she uses topical progesterone, does this make a difference?

Discussion

Discuss the questions that would be important to include when interviewing a patient with this issue, including any risk factors she may have.

Some of the questions that the clinician may ask the patient will include the following: At what age did the patient begin menarche? How long has the mass been present? Do you have a history of breast lumps? Did the lump change in size with your menstrual cycle? How long has it been since your last menses? Is there any discharge coming from the nipple? Did you experience recent weight loss? Did you take any hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Did you have any trauma to the breast? Have you had a mammogram or breast biopsies and when and what were the results?  Do you have a family history of breast cancer?  Do you have any diagnosis of breast cancer (Hawkins, Roberto-Nichols, & Stanley-Haney, 2016)?

 Describe the clinical findings that may be present in a patient with this issue. Are there any diagnostic studies that should be ordered on this patient? Why?

The patient with the diagnosis will breast cancer may not experience any symptoms in the initial stages of the development of the disease. Indicators that dictate the progression of the disease includes the following symptoms that the person experiences such as a change in the size, shape, or skin changes of the breast, color, skin dimpling, nipple inversion, nipple abnormalities, discharge, and axillary lump (Koo, Wagner, Abel, McPhail, & Rubin, 2017). To detect a difference in the breast, tissue the patient must be examined upright with arms raised, hands pressed against hips, and leaning forward. The axillae and the supraclavicular sites should be assessed when examining the breast tissue. The best technique to use detect a mass when palpating the breast is the vertical strip pattern (Bickley, 2017). The diagnosis of breast cancer is determined through diagnostic mammography and breast biopsy. The use of the diagnostic mammogram assists the clinician in determining the presence of a benign or malignant tumor in woman older than 40 years old. A breast tissue biopsy is used to obtain a large tissue sample of a mass to be examined to determine the presence of cancerous cells in the breast tissue (Koo et al., 2017)

 List the primary diagnosis and three differential diagnoses for this patient. Explain your reasoning for each.

The primary diagnosis:

Breast cancer- The diagnostic test revealed that the patient has breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma estrogen-receptor positive progesterone-receptor positive) the diagnosis is distinctive due to the risk factor of the patient’s previous history of atypical hyperplasia of the breast. The diagnosis of atypical hyperplasia of the breast is considered a high-risk breast mass that predisposes the patient to breast cancer. Additionally, the patient has a first-degree relation that was diagnosed with breast cancer. The breast biopsy results solidify the diagnosis of breast cancer (Hartmann, Degnim, Santen, Dupont, & Ghosh, 2015).

Differential diagnoses:

Fibrocystic Disease- The diagnosis for fibrocystic breast disease is a possibility for the patient as she presents with the clinical manifestation of possibly asymptomatic singular or multiple palpable smooth breast mass or a mobile round lump. The fibrocystic breast commonly occurs between the age of 30-50 years of age. The breast changes affiliated with fibrocystic disease comprises of atypical ductal and epithelial hyperplasia (Malherbe & Fatima, 2021). However, this is not the diagnosis as the mass does not change with the onset of the patient’s menses.

Fibroadenomas- The diagnosis of fibroadenomas as they are glandular fibrous tissue that occur during the reproductive year which may be associated with hormone production (Williams, 2018). A risk factor related to fibroadenoma is a familial history of breast disease. The mass is typically a benign painless mobile mass. The diagnosis is of fibroadenoma as the lesion does not fluctuate with the presence of the patient’s menses.

Breast Lipoma- The differential diagnosis of a breast lipoma is possible they can be benign or cancerous as they are the most common soft tissue tumor. A breast lipoma is a unilateral, smooth, soft, painless mass that occur between the ages of 40 to 60 years of age. The diagnosis is not apparent as the pathologic interpretation of the breast biopsy indicates that the patient has breast cancer cancer (Domino, Baldor, Golding, & Stephens, 2017)

Discuss your management plan for this patient, including pharmacologic therapies, tests, patient education, referrals, and follow-ups.

The course of treatment for the patient would involve a consult with the oncologist to direct and guide the course of treatment. The oncologist may prescribe Tamoxifen 20 mg twice a day as the form of cancer that the patient has is hormonal estrogen-receptor positive (Hartman et al., 2015). The patient may also have a lumpectomy of the right breast to remove the disease. A follow-up with radiation therapy to ensure eradication of the disease Hartman et al., 2015).  She will have a mammogram six to twelve month after radiation. A mammogram one year after that.  An annual gynecologic examination. The patient is instructed to not have blood pressure taken on the right arm due to lymphedema. The patient is instructed to observe for new lumps, pain (in bone, chest, stomach), shortness of breath, and headaches.

References

Bickley, L. S. (2017). Bates’ guide to physical examination and history taking (12th ed.). [South University]. Retrieved from https://digitalbookshelf.southuniversity.edu/#/books/9781496354709/cfi/372!/4/[email protected]

Domino, F. J., Baldor, R. A., Golding, J., & Stephens, M. B. (2017). The five-minute clinical consult 2018 (26th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolter Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Hartmann, L. C., Degnim, A. C., Santen, R. J., Dupont, W. D., & Ghosh, K. (2015). Atypical hyperplasia of the breast-Risk assessment and management options. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(78).  Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMsr1407164

Hawkins, J. W., Roberto-Nichols, D. M., & Stanley-Haney, J. L. (2016). Guidelines for nurse practitioners in gynecologic settings (11th ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company

Malherbe, K. & Fatima, S. (2021).  Fibrocystic breast disease.  StatPearls.  Retrieved from https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551609/

Williams, J. (2018).  Education case: Fibroadenoma of the breast.  Academic Pathology. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374289518790926

The United States incarcerates more people, in both absolute numbers and per capita, than any other nation in the world. Since 1970, the number of incarcerated people has increased sevenfold to 2.3 million in jail and prison today, far outpacing population growth and crime.

In the U.S., approximately half a million correctional officers are responsible for supervising more than two million inmates. Correctional officers are exposed to unique workplace hazards within a controlled prison environment.

Based on the videos from this week and your textbook, answer the following questions as completely as possible. Do NOT be too short in your answers. Please make sure they are complete sentences and grammatically correct.

Question 1: When did prison overcrowding begin to be a problem in the United States and what was the main issue that caused the overcrowding?

Question 2: In your textbook, read Chapter 10, “Community Sentences: Probation, Intermediate Sanctions, and Restorative Justice.” Then beginning with probation and selecting two other alternatives to incarceration, complete the table below:

Alternative

Explain how this alternative works.

List one pro.

List one con.

Is this alternative effective?
Why or why not?

1. Probation

Question 3: The death penalty is a very controversial issue that is used by the courts in extreme cases involving the crime of murder. While, in the past, executions have been authorized for other crimes, currently all prisoners sitting on death row have a conviction for murder. Using Chapter 9, “Punishment and Sentencing,” in your textbook and the link below, answer the following questions in complete sentences.

The Death Penalty Information Center provides essential statistics like State by State information. See the basics by hovering over the states on the interactive map. Scroll to the bottom to select particular states for more details, and see a summary on right side of page for each state you select. For comparison, you’ll see that Louisiana has the highest murder rate at 14.4 murders per 100,000 residents!

Fill out the table below as it relates to the state you live in.

State you reside in?

Death penalty in your state?

If no, when was it abolished?

If yes, how many are currently on death row?

What is the total number of executions in your state (including before 1976)?

What is the number of innocent people freed from death row in your state?

Question 4: Do you believe the death penalty is effective in deterring crime and should remain in place? Why or why not? (Please be detailed in your answer.)