Please Follow directions or I will dispute 

Please answer original forum with a minimum of 250 words and respond to both students separately with a minimum of 100 words each 

Page 1 Original Forum with References 

page 2 Lyle response with references 

page 3 Heath response with references 

Original Forum 

What aspect of Maritime Cyber Security concerns you the most? What type of cyber events would have significant impact on the day to day operation of a port?

Student response 

lyle

           The most concerning for me are the malware that can cause damage in the physical world and possibly kill people, such as the Triton attack on the Saudi critical infrastructure (Giles, 2020). I do think these types of attacks are less likely to happen in the U.S. unless we are in a full conventional war with another country. However, even attacks that are not that malicious can have a serious impact. They don’t need to control the ports or remotely control the ships to cause harm. All they need is to cause enough problems where the port computers are not able to function and it takes weeks for computer experts to get them back up and running. 

           Just a few weeks of the Los Angeles / Long Beach port being shutdown would hurt the economy bad. These types of attacks we have seen at places like hospitals, where they simply lock everyone out from being able to use the computers and then demand money (Balakrishnan, 2016). They don’t need to control machinery in the hospitals or anything crazy like that, they just need to lock the computers. If the cranes, shipping containers and everything involved at the port are run on computers, then locking everyone out of them would shut the port down. This is the most likely scenario in a cyber-attack. 

           I think the more malicious types of malware that are designed to explode a facility will be saved for other targets that make are large explosion such as a fuel facility. However, LNG’s could be targeted with this type of malware with devastating effects if it was detonated in a port. Most likely we will see an attack that takes the computers offline before we see an attack that is meant to explode an LNG in the port. I believe that only state-actors can conduct an attack like Triton or Stuxnet and not terrorists. No country now wants the retaliation from the U.S. if they were to blow up an LNG which would likely end up in full scale war, so they will likely stick with things that costs us money. 

Balakrishnan, A. (2016, February 17). The hospital held hostage by hackers. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2016/02/16/the-hospital-held-hostage-by-hackers.html. 

Giles, M. (2020, April 2). Triton is the world’s most murderous malware, and it’s spreading. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/03/05/103328/cybersecurity-critical-infrastructure-triton-malware/.

Heath

It is difficult to say whether any one aspect of maritime cyber security is the most vulnerable and therefore the most susceptible to attacks or that there is any one aspect that worries me the most. There are too many vulnerabilities in the maritime industry that can affect daily operations. According to the Department of Homeland Security’s Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, there are six main components of port operations at risk. The general facility access like the gates where personnel, vehicles and cargo enter the port where disruptions can cause congestion and slow operations. The terminal’s headquarters, specifically the data storage where information on ships, cargoes, clients are stored and could be manipulated in order to smuggle or evade taxes. The terminal headquarters specifically a ransomware attack that would hold the port hostage and disrupt operations. The operational technology systems that actually run the port like cargo handling equipment, pumps, and communications which could result in safety hazards, physical damages to the facility, and the disruption of general operations. Positioning, Navigation, and Timing that could cause ships to drift off course, cause collisions, block a navigation channel, or release a hazardous material. Similarly, the vessels themselves are at risk of being physically accessed, ransomed, data manipulated, or even lost entirely (DHS, 2020). 

I think the biggest threats to ports stem from criminal activity, those seeking direct financial gain through ransomware, and a physical attack from non-state actors. As Joel Snape points out in his article in the Maritime Executive, these groups have little to lose and everything to gain by their actions (Snape, 2021).

-Heath

Source(s):

DHS. (2020, December). Port Facility Cybersecurity Risks Infographic. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. https://www.cisa.gov/publication/port-facility-cybersecurity-risks.

Snape, J. (2021, March 9). There’s No Margin for Error in Port Cyber Security. The Maritime Executive. https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/there-s-no-margin-for-error-in-port-cyber-security.

Question 1: – You are a corporate risk management executive responsible for insurance, business continuity, and the corporate safety and security departments for all corporate locations. You are challenged by the following list of tasks upon returning to your office. Prioritize these tasks and explain why you placed them in your particular order of importance. 

Item A
Email message. At your request, an insurance company representative re- 

plies that she can meet with you at your convenience to explain why the 

corporate liability insurance premium will rise by 10% next year. 

Item B 

Telephone voice message. An accident on the premises between a truck and a forklift has resulted in two injured employees. The director of human resources wants to meet with you immediately. 

Item C
Email message. As treasurer of a regional risk management association, 

you are assigned the task of arranging the next meeting, including location, meal, and speaker. 

Item D
Your “to do list” states that you must reevaluate the risks facing the corporation and implement an improved risk management plan that maximizes 

risk management tools and is more financially sound. 

Item E 

Telephone call. A security officer on the premises calls and states: he cannot locate a security supervisor; there is a fire in the warehouse; he can extinguish it; and you do not have to call the fire department. 

Item F
Telephone voice message. Your boss wants to meet with you immediately 

because insurance covered only 50% of losses from an accident at a corporate 

plant. Item G 

Telephone voice message. An attorney representing a plaintiff/employee in a sexual harassment suit against the corporation wants to speak with you. 

Item H
Telephone voice message. The emergency management director for the 

local county wants to meet with you about cooperation on joint planning and 

training. 

Item I 

Email message. The IT director wants to meet with you as soon as possible. One of the insurers of the corporation rejected the corporate IT business continuity plan. 

2 pages

Compose a 2- to 3-page paper that includes the following:

Section 1: Research Analysis

Evaluate the selected articles, addressing the following questions:

• What did the authors conclude regarding the effectiveness of the intervention? Are the conclusions justified?
• To what population do these results generalize? Do the results support a culturally diverse population?
• Is the intervention the most appropriate when instructing diverse learners? Has the intervention been proven to be effective among the identified disability category?
• How might the potential findings lead to positive social change for diverse learners?

Part 2: Gaps in Research

Based on your evaluation, identify any gaps from theory/research to practice; address the following in this section:

• Explain how the articles compare with other articles on the same topic.
• Explain whether the findings are reported in a clear and consistent manner. Did the article fail to acknowledge and explain any limitations or gaps in research?
• Explain why the articles are relevant to instructing diverse learners. What contribution will the study make to the field of special education?

Part 3: Resource List

Include a resource list for parents and staff of at least 10 evidence-based practices for math and science (5 interventions for each subject area) as an appendix to your paper. Be sure to suggest, cite, and explain specific resources and strategies.

For this Assignment and all scholarly writing in this course and throughout your program, you will be required to use APA style (7th edition). Please use the Walden Writing Center as a resource as you complete your assignments.