Supporting Diversity through 21st Century Teaching and Learning

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Supporting Diversity through 21st Century Teaching and Learning

This assignment re- introduces you to the framework of 21st century skills that you will consider each week as you work to redesign prior coursework for your Folio. Note that a similar format is followed for each of the assignments in this course. You will upload this assignment to the course for evaluation and to your Folio.

Specifically, after reviewing the Framework for 21st Century Learning (Links to an external site.), you will redesign or modify a prior assignment from one of your courses in the master’s program that represents your mastery of your programs learning outcomes (MACI, MAECEL, MAED, MASE or MATLT). An assignment you may want to redesign could be in the form of a lesson plan or teaching unit you previously created for a course. Your redesign of the assignment must show a representation of 21st century learning through incorporation of student outcomes and support systems, which are defined as follows:

  • Student Outcomes: Learning and Innovations Skills (critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity), Core Subjects 3Rs and 21st Century Themes, Information, Media, and Technology Skills, Life and Career Skills.
  • Support Systems: Standards and assessments, curriculum and instruction, professional development, learning environments.

When selecting an assignment to redesign, think about how the assignment should consider the diverse strengths, differences, cultures, and communities of students while offering a safe, collaborative, engaging, and inclusive learning environment. If you do not have previous work to use for this assignment, please contact your instructor for guidelines on how to proceed. As needed, refer to your program learning outcomes (PLOs) list download(MACI, MAECEL, MAED, MASE or MATLT).

NOTE* Before you select the PLO’s you will highlight in this assignment, be sure to read the final assignment for this course to ensure that you will cover each of your programs PLOs adequately.

In your paper,

Create your assignment to meet the content and written communication expectations noted below.

Content Expectations

The Redesign expectations explain what you are required to do with the prior coursework you choose to redesign. The Summary expectations are for the separate written portion of this assignment.

  • Redesign – Outcomes (2 Points): Redesign of the lesson plan or teaching unit includes at least one component of the following 21st Century Student Outcomes: Core Subjects and 21st Century Themes, Learning and Innovation Skills, Information, Media, and Technology Skills, and Life and Career Skills.
  • Redesign – Support Systems (1 Point): Redesign of the lesson plan or teaching unit includes at least one component of the following 21st Century Support Systems: 21st Century Standards, Assessment for 21st Century Skills, 21st Century Curriculum and Instruction, and 21st Century Learning Environments.
  • Summary – Introduction/Conclusion (1 Point): A one paragraph introduction to the summary that concisely presents the scope and organization of the summary writing, as well as a one paragraph conclusion that recaps your summary’s key points.
  • Summary – Modification (2 Points): For each revision, summarize in a paragraph how you revised the activity to address the components of 21st Century Student Outcomes and 21st Century Support systems. Explicitly state how your redesign assignment provides evidence of mastery of at least two PLO’s from your master’s program. .
  • Summary – Reflection (2 Points): In one page, reflect on your experience with the redesign in terms of challenges you encountered and how you overcame those challenges, including any difficulties experienced in revising to address the components of 21st Century Student Outcomes and 21st Century Support systems.

Written Communication Expectations

  • Page Requirement (.5 points): Two to four pages, not including title and references pages.
  • APA Formatting (.5 points): Use APA formatting consistently throughout the assignment.
  • Syntax and Mechanics (.5 points): Display meticulous comprehension and organization of syntax and mechanics such as spelling and grammar.
  • Source Requirement (.5 points): Reference three scholarly sources in addition to the course textbook.

All sources on the references page need to be used and cited correctly within the body of the assignment.

For information related to APA style, including samples and tutorials, please visit the Writing Center (Links to an external site.).

Next Steps: Review and Submit the Assignment

Review your assignment with the Grading Rubric to be sure you have achieved the distinguished levels of performance for each criterion. Next, submit the assignment for evaluation no later than Day 7.

Carefully review the Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.) for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.

Stataistic

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i) Compare the uses of the independent samples and paired samples t tests. Explain clearly in which circumstances each method should be used in preference to the other, illustrating your answer with appropriate examples. State briefly the appropriate assumptions made in each case. 

ii) In a particular population, it was of interest whether the male chief executive officer (CEO) was, on average, younger or older than their CEO female counterparts. A random sample of 15 firms was taken with the CEO age given in the table below. 

    

Firm No 

  

1 

  

2 

  

3 

  

4 

  

5 

  

6 

  

7 

  

8 

  

9 

  

10 

  

11 

  

12 

  

13 

  

14 

  

15 

   

Male, age 

  

39 

  

38 

  

73 

  

54 

  

24 

  

57 

  

49 

  

63 

  

48 

  

44 

  

26 

  

64 

  

42 

  

45 

  

61 

   

Female, age 

  

32 

  

31 

  

68 

  

58 

  

26 

  

53 

  

48 

  

69 

  

47 

  

46 

  

25 

  

62 

  

40 

  

48 

  

57 

 

(a) Use the above data to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the differences between the ages of the male managers and their female counterparts. (10% Mark) 

(b) Is there evidence that the mean difference in ages between male and female is non-zero? (5% Mark) 

(c) Obtain a 95% confidence interval for the mean difference in ages of the male and their female colleagues. (5% Mark) 

An analysis of effective marketing campaigns that promote blended learning in Canadian universities

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RESEARCH PROPOSAL – PART 1: INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF LITERATURE, PROBLEM STATEMENT, RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Introduction/Background Provide a brief description of what the proposed research topic is about, why is it important and how you came to be interested in it.

Literature Review The purpose of this assignment is to develop skills in finding and analyzing valid literary resources for your research. The review should be written in an integral / synthetic style, and NOT as an annotated bibliography

Please note: Use in-text citations to reference all ideas, concepts, text, and data that are not your own. If you make a statement, back it up with a reference! 

• Research a minimum of 15 relevant business-related literature sources (focus on material available in digital format only for this course). Carefully choose your 15 “keepers” that are clearly related to your study. (Note: you might need to find 30 to “keep” only 15).

 • Identify major common themes encountered in the selected literature sources. For each theme, create its own subsection within the literature review. 

• For each theme / subsection of the literature review, explain the opinions of the authors and show their similarities, differences, methods of acquisition of data, methods of data analysis and other pertinent information. State how the reviewed research results relate to your proposed study. 

• Identify the gaps in the literature and explain what needs to be done to move forward in your research..

Statement of the Problem Detail the problem that you are considering. Explain: 

• How are you defining and delimiting the specific area of the research? 

• What is the gap that will be addressed by this research? • What it is that you hope to learn by conducting this research? 

• Discuss the anticipated outcomes and benefits to the researcher, the organization, or society.

Research Questions Provide focused research questions for your planned research. Also provide a back-up question in case the first one does not pan out. Make sure you address the following questions:

What is the scope of your research? • Is the scope of your research question reasonable?

ENC4313 Research Writing Week 1 Discussion

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This week, you are being asked to propose an argumentative topic. Of course, you will likely not have a complete research plan ready by the end of the week. However, given the larger theme within the first module of our textbook, The Bedford Researcher, what “conversation” will you join? What’s even being argued about the topic? Skills: This discussion board will help you practice the following skills:

  • Develop an appropriate argumentative research topic
  • Identify potential scholarly and credible source material
  • Demonstrate relevance of current research

Reading: To prepare for your initial discussion post, read The Bedford Researcher pages 1-25. Page 6 encourages this five-step process:

  1. List an argumentative topic that interests you. Because you’ll be searching for sources, jot down a list of search terms, or keywords (p. 146), that you can use to locate sources on the topic.
  2. Choose a scholarly peer-reviewed journal article. Browse the databases in the library using keywords you jotted down about your topic.
  3. Identify additional credible sources that seem to address the topic. Skim each source to get a sense of how it addresses your topic.
  4. Decide whether the sources are engaged in the same conversation. Ask whether the sources are addressing the same topic. If they are, list the ways in which they are “talking” to one another about the topic. Identify any agreements, disagreements, or differences in their approach to the topic.
  5. Reflect on the conversation. Ask whether the sources you’ve identified tell you enough to understand the conversation. Consider whether you might need to locate more sources to give you fuller picture of the conversation.

Task:

Complete the five steps listed above. Number your responses according to the text above (i.e. 1., 2., etc.). Here are the requirements for the discussion:

Choose an argumentative topic that is related to your career or field of study. (My field of study is Accounting)

  1. Identify two different sources that are conversing on your topic. Share some commentary on each of these two sources. 
  2. one peer-reviewed journal article, which can be located in the Keiser Library online. (Use ProQuest, EBSCO, and JSTOR as starting databases.)
  3. one professional source from a trade journal related to your field (i.e. nursing – American Nurse Today Magazine; business – Harvard Business Review; agriculture – The American Dairymen’s Association; etc.)
  4. Identify how both sources relate to what you listed as your topic in Point 1.
  5. Explain how these sources relate to one another. How are they adding to one another?
  6. Finally, identify what these sources add to your knowledge, what questions these sources raise, what is missing from them, and what you might be able to add to this “conversation.”

Criteria for Success:

  • Your main post should contain 300 or more words.
  • You may find a sample of this assignment in the attached file.

Capstone Project

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Public Health Capstone

[Hyperlinked Items are Enclosed]

According to the Centers for Disease Control, COVID-19 has disproportionately affected many marginalized communities here in the United States. A recent CDC study shows that, once fully vaccinated, a person’s risk of infection is reduced by up to 90% (CDC, 2021). Current data also suggest that COVID-19 vaccines offer protection against the variants circulating in the United States (CDC, 2021). However, there is still a significant amount of skepticism among minorities. Some of this skepticism is noted to stem from historical implications which have limited human rights and justice—particularly as it pertains to research. This is evidenced by controversial studies such as the Tuskegee and Henrietta Lacks studies.

Further, the efficacy seen in clinical trials is now being shown in the real world. Therefore, there has been a disproportionate level of minority participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. Some research presents contributing factors as being lack of doctor office support while treating minorities and limited access to the actual locations where clinical trials are held.

Application:

First read the following on implications of vaccinations and clinical trials in marginalized communities, as noted below:

To learn more about the distrust in minority communities with respect to getting vaccinated and participating in COVID-19 clinical trials, review the following resources:

Article#1: https://abcnews.go.com/US/minority-communities-distrust-covid-19-vaccine-poses-challenge/story?id=74503429 (Links to an external site.)

Article#2: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2021971 (Links to an external site.)

Video: https://www.ctvnews.ca/video?clipId=2104757 (Links to an external site.)

Based on what you have learned about minorities and possible barriers to getting vaccinated and participating in COVID-19 clinical trials, you have been tasked to identify possible strategies to promote vaccinations and clinical trial participation by using the enclosed 

Public health work involves a certain investment within communities that present unique factors, such as limited access to care, and inequitable resources.

With respect to this role, you are to draft a two-page narrative that proposes a minimum of 3 strategies that address the promotion of both (1) vaccinations and (2) participation in clinical trials. Project narratives are used to define ideas for a project or proposal and describe how the ideas will be carried out.

Here is what is to be considered when presenting the project narrative: 

Audience: You will be expected to communicate the health relevance of the project to the public (the marginalized community of your choice).

Note: Marginalized communities are communities confined to the lower or peripheral edge of the society. Such a group is denied involvement in mainstream economic, political, cultural, and social activities due to their living conditions, lifestyles, or exclusion.

Scope: Briefly describe how, in the short or long term, the selected strategies would contribute to the needs of marginalized communities and applied to enhance health, lengthen life, and reduce illness of COVID-19. In other words, how would these strategies mobilize these communities to better health practices as they pertain to COVID-19 response efforts?

Strategy:

  1. Select a minimum of (3) strategies that support increased COVID-19 vaccinations among marginalized communities. Provide a minimum 30-word rationale for each strategy.
  2. Select a minimum of (3) strategies that support increased clinical trial use among marginalized communities. Provide a minimum 30-word rationale for each strategy.
  3. Last, summarize the overall importance of infusing the strategies to meet marginalized communities at the level of their needs.

Be clear and stay within the scope of how, when, and where the plan will be implemented. You may use SMART goals to ensure that you provide inclusive and realistic planning strategies. Here is an example of how to use SMART goals here: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/smart-goals (Links to an external site.)

References:

Centers for Disease Control (2021, December 10). COVID-19 racial and ethnic disparities. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/racial-ethnic-disparities/increased-risk-illness.html (Links to an external site.)

IGI Global (n.d.). What is marginalized communities? https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/technologies-for-digital-inclusion/50719#:~:text=In%20general%20terms%2C%20marginalized%20communities%20are%20communities%20confined,due%20to%20their%20living%20conditions%2C%20lifestyles%20or%20exclusion (Links to an external site.).

How to Find Time for Writing Literature Review

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The literature review chapter in both your dissertation and your thesis is precisely the place where you lay the groundwork for your own research and where you make the synesthesia of the performance you have demonstrated to the public.

A quality literature review is based on contributing your two cents to the work of others. Not just any others, but to the tremendous geniuses of our times.

Rest assured that, although at first glance it sounds unimportant, writing a literature review and finding the necessary time for it is crucial. Therefore, we want to explain here precisely why it is so important and how to have the required time so that the review is up to par with everything else.

Why Literature Review Chapters Exist

There is no more obvious question than why. The truth is, if you don’t understand exactly why the review chapter exists, then there’s no point in wanting to impress anyone with your written paper.

You need to be aware of four essential elements that justify the importance of the literature review process:

  1. Comprehension: The first thing is that it serves to make you understand the situation. You not only understand, but you have to understand the conflicts, the arguments, and much more.
  2. Identify the Gaps: It may seem strange at first glance, but the second reason the literature review exists is so that you can identify the gaps in the literature and use them to your advantage to justify the topic.
  3. Theoretical Framework: To achieve empirical testing, you will have to create a theoretical framework (if applied to your case).
  4. Choices: Last but not least, you have the methodological choices, which will have to be informed to the person who has to read your work with both questionnaires and measurement instruments.

Finding the Necessary Time

You can bust your head looking for the necessary solutions, whether it is to stop sleeping or put your whole life on hold to create the perfect review of the work you will present. However, be aware that this can have a very negative impact on the rest of your project.

Thousands of students have experienced these problems so far and have suffered greatly from not following the above points. Fortunately, this does not necessarily have to be your case.

Recently, we have experienced the emergence of literature review writers, who have been a blessing in many critical situations involving students. There are services like Paperell, which have expert writers in almost every subject imaginable, including literature reviews.

How to Proceed with the Literature Review

You have already answered the why question, so now it is time to proceed with the how. Keep in mind that all of this is a process. That is why there are also three steps in the how:

  1. Find: Always find the most appropriate literature for you.
  2. Understand: Organize and distill exactly the literature you need.
  3. Plan & Write: The critical moment is when you have to plan, organize your time and start writing.

With all these points outlined, you will have the skeleton of your review, but of course, the hard part lies before you. More than anything, you will have to find the necessary time to cover this chapter, and unfortunately, often, that time does not exist. That’s why we want to give you the most appropriate solution.

How to Achieve the Best Results

Finding the time needed in any written assignment can be difficult, especially considering the required volume. What the writing services aimed to do is make investments for students to achieve the desired outcomes.

This is not an excuse for students to cheat but an opportunity to collaborate with the most knowledgeable and experienced people in each sector, thus obtaining the most impeccable assignments.

Of course, these online services still sound very new to quite a few people, but the truth is that in recent years, they have become part of today’s harsh education system, especially since the growth of online classes.

In Conclusion

Students and teachers all know very well that the literature review chapter is not something short and easy. It really is an aspect that will give an inside look at the understanding and effort that the submitter of the essay, thesis, lab report, or other written work has put into it.

To arrange the time needed to devote to this chapter, there is the advantage that nowadays there are both the best writers and services available on the internet, a massive positive revolution towards contemporary education.

Assessment Tools, Diagnostics, Growth, Measurement, And Nutrition In Adults And Children profile

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Many experts predict that genetic testing for disease susceptibility is well on its way to becoming a routine part of clinical care. Yet many of the genetic tests currently being developed are, in the words of the World Health Organization (WHO), of “questionable prognostic value.”
—Leslie Pray, PhD

Obesity remains one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. As a leading cause of United States mortality, morbidity, disability, healthcare utilization and healthcare costs, the high prevalence of obesity continues to strain the United States healthcare system (Obesity Society, 2016).  More than one-third (39.8%) of U.S. adults have obesity (CDC, 2018). https://excellentwriter.xyz/education-homework-help/propose-at-least-two-sampling-strategies-that-you-might-use-to-gain-access-and-recruit-a-sample-for-qualitative/ The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion in 2008 U.S. dollars; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 higher than those of normal weight (CDC, 2018).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years, with an estimated 13.7 million children and adolescents considered obese (CDC, 2018). When seeking insights about a patient’s overall health and nutritional state, body measurements can provide a valuable perspective. This is particularly important with pediatric patients. Measurements such as height and weight can provide clues to potential health problems and help predict how children will respond to illness. Nurses need to be proficient at using assessment tools, such as the Body Mass Index (BMI) and growth charts, in order to assess nutrition-related health risks and pediatric development while being sensitive to other factors that may affect these measures. Body Mass Index is also used as a predictor for measurement of adult weight and health.

Assessments are constantly being conducted on patients, but they may not provide useful information. In order to ensure that health assessments provide relevant data, nurses should familiarize themselves with test-specific factors that may affect the validity, reliability, and value of these tools.

This week, you will explore various assessment tools and diagnostic tests that are used to gather information about patients’ conditions. You will examine the validity and reliability of these tests and tools. You will also examine assessment techniques, health risks and concerns, and recommendations for care related to patient growth, weight, and nutrition.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Evaluate validity and reliability of assessment tools and diagnostic tests
  • Analyze diversity considerations in health assessments
  • Apply concepts, theories, and principles related to examination techniques, functional assessments, and cultural and diversity awareness in health assessment
  • Apply assessment skills to collect patient health histories

Assignment 1: Case Study Assignment: Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests in Adults and Children

When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.

Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults, body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. You will also consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.

To Prepare
  • Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. https://blog.keenessays.com/2021/06/17/personal-branding/ You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
  • By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
  • Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
  • Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
  • If you are assigned Assignment Option 2 (Child), consider what health issues and risks may be relevant to the child in the health example.
    • Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
    • Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.
The Assignment

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:

  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?
    • What information does it gather?
  • Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

Assignment Option 2: Child Health Case:
Include the following:

  • An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.
  • Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.
  • Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
  • Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information.
  • Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.

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please read and follow instructions

The Research Paper is to be on a subject of interest to you in Transportation / Distribution. 

The paper is to be at least 5 pages (double spaced) not including the title page and references page. It should include a clear thesis statement providing an objective for the paper serving as a basis for the direction of your research. The points and direction of your paper should support your thesis. The paper should also include a conclusion based on your research. 

At least 7 sources should be used. Just a few sources is not really a good basis for a research paper. Multiple sources enrich the value of your research. Please keep in mind that, should you find it useful, you can also draw upon your own professional experiences. You can also even interview a subject matter expert and use that input as part of your paper, citing the source.

ALL PAPERS
All papers should meet the following criteria:

  • Follow APA formatting and style guidelines (7th edition) 
  • Follow all instructions for each assignment 
  • 12 inch standard font such as Arial, Times New Roman or Calibri
  • 1 inch margins 
  • Double-spaced 
  • Submitted on time
  • Represent your best work

3 pages self essay

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 MY paper is alrady due. It’s 5 pages but i need 4. I need it done as fast as possible. 

Kindly let me know when you can complete it. see the attached details for clear info.

—————————————————————————————

1 Essay Question A recurrent theme that runs through the various philosophies is some form of “happiness.” Think of John Stuart Mill’s writings of “higher pleasures,” or Bentham’s “happiness calculus”, or Aristotle’s “eudaimonia”, or Rand’s idea of “selfishness” just to name a few. What we are talking about are the ethical actions that identify us as human—in the best way possible. We all strive to self-actualize, to become the best that we can be. Sometimes we succeed and sometimes we fail, but if we have done our best with an ethical consideration of others, then it helps define us as good people. Your task is to identify who you are and who you want to be. Ask yourself things like what are your “higher pleasures,” or what makes you “happy”? Include the following, but feel free to add to this: 1. What is “happiness”? (remember, this is not always a momentary concept) 2. What actions have you done to achieve happiness? Give two or three examples. 3. A “right” action must be ethical (although it need not conform to societal standards). What made your actions ethical or “right”? Justify your answer. 4. What do your actions say about your values and concept as a person? 5. Choose someone you think exemplifies the ideal ethical person. Explain who and why. 6. Compare your actions (from #3 and #4) to the person in #5. 7. Conclusion: Where to you go from here? How can you better achieve happiness, in its highest sense? 

Can someone do by 3/11/21 8pm eastern time

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DUE MARCH 11, 2021 BY 8PM EASTERN TIME

 

The purpose of this assignment is to analyze long-term assets in the financial statements and to interpret financial statement footnotes related to long-term assets.

Complete Problem 10.6 from the textbook.

Name the PDF file LastnameFirstinitial.ACC502.T4, where the T4 refers to Topic 4 assignment.

While APA style is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected, and documentation of sources should be presented using APA formatting guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

 10.6 Interpreting Disclosures for Property, Plant, and Equipment Petrobras, which operates in the energy sector, is Brazil’s largest company. Its shares trade on several of the world’s leading stock exchanges. A portion of Petrobras’ balance sheet, its income statement, and extracts from a note on PP&E are presented in Exhibit 10.1.RequiredBased on the information provided, answer the following questions:

a. What portion of Petrobras’ “Equipment and other assets” had been “used up” by the end of fiscal 2008? 

 b. How many years are left in the lives of Petrobras’ “Equipment and other assets,” on average? State clearly any assumptions that you make in arriving at your estimate.

c. Suppose that Petrobras assumes a zero salvage value for their “Equipment and other assets.” For each $100 in new asset investments, what is the annual amount of depreciation expense charged to the income statement?

d. Suppose that other leading energy companies charge $12 in depreciation expense for each $100 invested in new equipment. Are Petrobras’ depreciation policy assumptions materially different from those of their competitors? Support your answer

e. What line item on Petrobras’ income statement is most affected by their depreciation policy? Explain why.

f. Aside from comparing Petrobras’ depreciation policy assumptions to those of their competitors, what other “red flags” might one look for in order to assess whether Petrobras is overly conservative or overly aggressive in taking depreciation expenses? Is there any evidence of these issues on Petrobras’ financial statements?