This project will focus on a fact pattern.  Your job is to identify all of the potential Fourth Amendment issues in the fact pattern, then write up your findings in a memo.  You may use the book, or any California or Federal case law that you can find that might be relevant.  You are limited to no more than 5 typed double spaced pages in your analysis (no less than 3 pages, please).  This means you should only discuss the most likely grounds for a Fourth Amendment challenge.

Find every issue that might reasonably exists in the following fact pattern.  Compile a list of all of the issues then address whether each possible issue might actually result in the suppression of evidence.

Officer Thomas pulled over Jaime Alexander in a routine traffic stop.  Jaime was speeding along Interstate 5 through Kern county at 79 Mph.  While writing the ticket Officer Thomas thought Jaime looked nervous.  After taking Jaime’s license, Officer Thomas called his friend, Officer Angela.  Officer Angela was a canine officer who was working in he same general area.  Officer Thomas sat in his car with Jaime’s license for 20 minutes waiting for Officer Angela to arrive.  After Officer Angela arrived, within five minutes she had conducted an inspection of Jaime’s car with her canine companion.  Her dog, Hermione alerted to the possible presence of contraband in the vehicle’s trunk.  Officer Thomas asked Jaime if he could search the vehicle and Jaime declined saying “I am busy and don’t have the time to wait for a search.”  Officer Thomas then leaned into the car and used the lever to pop the trunk.  In the trunk, Officer Thomas found a small baggie of cocaine inside a closed Star Wars lunch pail.

Meanwhile in Modesto, the District Attorney was investigating the house Jaime lived in.  As part of her warrant application the District Attorney Investigator used the fact that Jaime had cocaine during the traffic stop to help justify a search of Jaime’s home.  the warrant authorized officers to search the home of Jaime Alexander at 1234 House St.  In the home, Officers discovered three rolled up canvas sacks containing more than a Kilo of individually packaged sandwich baggies of cocaine.  The sacks were found in the closet of Jaime’s roommate, Alex Jamison, at the flat who denied ever having seen them before.   Jaime and Alex are now on trial for possession with intent to distribute.  

You have been asked to preliminarily review these facts, decide what issues might be relevant and briefly restate the law on those issues.  You have also been asked what kind of additional information might be needed in order to argue successfully for suppression of the evidence and what kinds of facts, if true, would result in the denial of the motion.

Good luck!  Remember, its the argument, not getting something 100% right that matters.  focus on identifying every possible issue and explaining what additional facts might result in suppression of the evidence.

As for format, look up what a legal memo should look like and use any memorandum format you like.  Cover page not needed, but you should have full in text citations for every case you discuss.  You may use APA, bluebook, MLA or California Style for your citations.

Create a quality digital presentation with no more than 12 slides (including detailed speaker notes for all) that describes the dynamic system, the Causal loop diagram, and the rationale for each assumption. Each presentation will be turned in individually and should include the following:

A clear definition/introduction of the dynamic system

-Causal loop diagram modeling the relationships between factors in the dynamic system.

-Dynamic system model that is appropriate for the system

-Use MS Excel to construct and run a model simulation. The simulation will require finding relevant data to be used in the model.

-Three output graphs that display three possible outcomes from the system. For example: equilibrium and imbalance that favors one of the factors over the other.

-A description of the limitations of your model, and how you could improve it

-Explain why this clear explanation of the model and assumptions is needed to provide an ethical representation of the data

APA style is not required, but solid academic writing is expected. All citations must be in APA format. 

 What to expect…………

Explore systems dynamics by picking a system, creating a causal loop diagram for the system, and analyzing the capacity/through put for the system with stock and flow. For this assignment you turn in a single PowerPoint presentation.

Before you can attack this work, you must select a system. I strongly suggest you pick a simple system such as a kitchen sink. If you pick something too abstract or too complex, this will be very difficult to do.

Here are the steps:

1. Causal loop diagram – create a diagram that shows how the system components relate to one another, this can be done with any tool even hand drawn but must be in the form of casual loop diagram (research this on the web and look at my example links below).
2. Dynamic system model using a stock and flow technique – you will document inflows, stock, and outflows see info below for assistance or research on your own.
3. Using the model you developed, you will construct a model simulation using Excel. – (essentially you will create tables in Excel documenting the capacity of the model at different points in time (inflow, stock, outflow). Documenting these over time will allow you to create graphs (for item 4 below).
4. Three output graphs that display equilibrium, imbalance in favor of one component, and imbalance in favor of a second different component. – Essentially underfilled, full, and overfilled.
5. A description of the limitations of your model, and how you could improve it – Self-explanatory.

GEO 3001 – Geographies of Global Change

Essay #2

Instructions:

In the first half of our course, we explored how the Anthropocene is widely recognized to be not only a new geological era in which humans influence global systems, but also as the culmination of ongoing, social, cultural, economic, political and environmental changes tied to the Industrial Revolution and, even earlier, plantation-based colonialism. This history produces uneven geographies of global change, in which the benefits and harms of these changes have been, and continue to be, socially and spatially uneven. For our second essay, drawing on readings, lectures and assignments throughout the term, explain how, since the mid-1700s, the concept of development has sought to manage these differentiated changes in order to secure existing power relations in the global colonial economy.  Specific questions to focus on include:

• What do different visions of development (colonial, Cold War, neoliberal) identify as the threat to the status quo?
• How have different styles of development (colonial, Cold War, neoliberal) sought to regulate or control this threat?
• What do these histories of development tell us about the politics of development in the era of the Anthropocene? Who does development benefit, and how does it benefit these people rather than others?

Guidelines:

Essays should be a minimum of 1,000 words (two single-spaced pages, 12-point Times New Roman font, 1-inch margins). Citations should be included within the text (either as parenthetical in-text citations or as footnotes), and references should be provided in a reference list. References should be in the format of your choice, and should be consistent (my personal preference is APA-style referencing, which is more or less standard in the social sciences, but any format you are comfortable using is acceptable, as long as it is consistently used throughout your reference list).

  In response to Nicholas and Joshua post, either agree or disagree with their answers on race and biology. Explain your rationale. 

Nicholas Post

 Anthropology as a discipline defines race as either the scientific concept of race or the culturally constructed concept of race. The scientific concept of race says that it is “referring to a population, or group of populations, within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics”. The culturally constructed concept of race defines it as “in which cultural ideologies and dynamics are linked with morphological traits”.  It is difficult to use biological characteristics to categorize people into races because there are all different ways you can do it. You can categorize people based on the region of the world they live in or you can categorize them based on certain characteristics. The problem with geographic classifications though is that normally they cover a large area and to categorize people from a large area into one group is to make an oversimplification of a large diverse group. The problem with grouping by characteristics is that many times one or more traits is chosen and marks the trait as representative of the whole group.  The problem with all these ways of trying to identify race is that they are wrong in the sense that humans have yet to evolve beyond the human race. 

Joshua post

 Anthropology as a discipline defines race by. Categorizing what region of people live where, their culture’s, traditions, religion’s, and pigmentation. There are many different theories on race and how to define what it is. Race is just evolution the skin genetically changes which redesigns the chemical make up of DNA. Giving individuals certain skin pigment.It is difficult to use biological characteristics to categorize people into races. To say only certain individuals act or only have or do certain things that others. Everything is some how intertwined or culture or beliefs traditions or skin pigment. Everything thing changes with evolution. The interesting story is how we rewrote it.

In your responses to Hope and Chelesea, compare and contrast different ethical views you may have. Additionally, mention potential solutions for ethical issues that they have identified.

Hope post

I found the section on brain enhancement very interesting in this article. Brian enhancement will likely advance significantly as technology continues to advance, and that is where ethics will be extremely important. Brain enhancing drugs should be treated, ethically, just as any other drug. No one should be forced, coerced, or pressured into taking a medication that they are not comfortable with. This is where the importance of informed consent becomes evident. A person should be made aware of every single risk, consequence, benefit, and side effect, before consenting (or not consenting) to a treatment. Just as it should be with every drug, the patient should always have the option to either take, or not take brain enhancing drugs. 

I was really intrigued when the author stated “the freedom to remain unenhanced may be difficult to maintain in a society where one’s competition is using enhancement (Farah, 2005).” It kind of reminded me of what our society looks like right now, with a new vaccine available. Someone could be uncomfortable with the idea of getting a very new vaccine, but get it anyways, because everyone else has. It is human nature to what to fit in, and it is kind of a dangerous factor to be present in a decision regarding medicine and treatment. 

The research of brain enhancement will advance continuously, and the main ethical code to keep in mind, is informed consent. If someone is 100% aware of every single possible risk, and still gives their consent, let the research begin. The real issue is when someone gives their consent to a research trial or experimental medication/procedure and is not fully informed. That, to me, is manipulation and coercion which should never be present in the field of psychology, especially research. 

I don’t see brain enhancement drugs as unethical, as long as they remain optional. What is unethical is creating a social system where one feels they need to conform in order to function within society, or where an individual is forced to take a medication they are uncomfortable with. That is unethical.

Chelsea post

 Responsibility, brain, and blame is a common ethical issue that neuroscientists, neuro-researchers, and neurosurgeons are faced with. This simply means that in contemporary society, it is not acceptable to blame or hold an individual responsible for problems caused by brain damage, ailments, and diseases. The example we have all heard before is the story of Phineas Gage. The article states, “we are not inclined to blame Phineas Gage for his bad behavior after an inch-wide, 3 foot-long iron bar was blown through his head, damaging his ventromedial prefrontal cortex and transforming his personality from responsible and polite to slothful and ill-tempered” (Farah, 2005). While Gage’s personality and mood patterns significantly changed after his brain injury, we do not blame him for this change. Gage could not have controlled the event that caused his injury, so it makes sense that he did not cause the shift in his personality-the injury did. Incorrectly placing blame for life-changing medical problems related to neurology can cause a host of issues such as legal problems, lawsuits, and even a risk of losing one’s medical license due to malpractice and slander! It is important that medical professionals in the neurology field consider the social consequences to society of any research endeavor (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2015, p. 59). Potential social consequences of false blame include resentment, peer disapproval, and even social isolation. The primary research methods used to determine how responsibility, the brain, and blame interact with one another included a clinical observation of personality change in patients with ventromedial prefrontal damage, among other approaches. These clinical observations subsequently assisted researchers in developing, “experimental tasks in which the ability to make prudent, responsible choices could be quantified” which demonstrated that this ability is diminished after ventromedial damage (Farah, 2005). Contemporary research includes the study of other regions of the brain that affect decision making abilities such as financial, social, and romantic obligations and  commitments. Neuroethical considerations regarding blame and responsibility must be addressed before the research ever begins. Researchers must be aware that providing false or biased information about patients, clients, or participants can present an array of legal, moral, and ethical issues for both parties. 

Discussion Question

Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: 

• This week we investigate how quantities exist in multiple dimensions (i.e., 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional space). Naturally, we think about the world in three dimensions because that is what we experience daily. As a result, our minds are frequently making qualitative inferences about the space around us. However, we may or may not naturally quantify those situations. Reflect on your day today. Think about all the times you considered how much space something took up to help make a choice. List as many examples from the past 24 hours as you can recall. Which of those did you quantify (measure) before acting? In which cases might you have saved yourself some resources if you would have used what you are learning this week to quantify the situation?