Topic 3 DQ 1

The main difference between experimental and non-experimental research is the degree to which the researcher can manipulate the environment. Experimental research design is defined as, “A type of quantitative research design that is highly controlled [by the researcher] and to study cause and effect with independent and dependent variables” (McNiff & Petrick, 2018). In this type of study there is less chance of a bias because of the level of manipulation (McNiff & Petrick, 2018).

An example of an experimental study is “The effect of propofol infusion with topical epinephrine on cochlear blood flow and hearing: An experimental study.” In this study 21 rats were divided into three equal groups (Jang et al., 2016). The first group of seven rats, the control group, was given IV infusion of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with topical application of PBS in the round window of the ear. The second group of seven rats, the first experimental group, received topical phosphate buffered saline with IV infusion of propofol (4–6 ml/kg/hour) on cochlear blood flow (CBF). Afterwards, their hearing was evaluated (Jang et al., 2016). The second experimental group (n=7) received topical epinephrine with IV infusion of propofol (4–6 ml/kg/hour) on CBF. Their hearing was evaluated afterward (Jang et al., 2016). The researchers had a substantial amount of control in this study. The number of subjects, the decision to have two experimental groups, and the dose of propofol was their decision and could be manipulated as needed.

Non-experimental research does not have the manipulation of an independent variable. Researchers measure variables as they occur naturally. Most non-experimental designs are retrospective in nature. Consequently, there are no variables to manipulate.

The article “Patient experiences of caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality” is an example of non-experimental research. The aim of the study was “To explore the extent to which patient ratings of perceived caring and person-centredness are associated with perceived nursing care quality in an acute hospital sample of inpatients” (Edvardsson et al., 2017). In this study, 210 previous patients completed a study survey including demographic data and the Caring Behaviours Inventory, the Person-centred Climate Questionnaire, the SF-36 and the Distress thermometer (Edvardsson et al., 2017). This study did not have any variables to adjust because the nursing care was already performed. The researchers were only collecting the results.

Using 200-300 words with a least two references to support this discussion

 Provide examples of experimental and nonexperimental research design. Contrast the levels of control applied to each. 

Questions

In a Word document, respond to the following. Number your responses 1–3.

1. Define risk, and explain how it is measured.
2. Identify a source of firm-specific risk. What is the source of market risk?
3. Explain what the coefficient of variation measures.

Use references to support your responses as needed. Be sure to cite all references using correct APA style. Your responses should be free of grammar and spelling errors, demonstrating strong written communication skills.

Problems

In either a Word document or Excel spreadsheet, complete the following problems.

• You may solve the problems algebraically, or you may use a financial calculator or an Excel spreadsheet.
• If you choose to solve the problems algebraically, be sure to show your computations.
• If you use a financial calculator, show your input values.
• If you use an Excel spreadsheet, show your input values and formulas.

In addition to your solution to each computational problem, you must show the supporting work leading to your solution to receive credit for your answer.

1. Two years ago, Conglomco stock ended at $73.02 per share. Last year, the stock paid a $0.34 per share dividend. Conglomco stock ended last year at $77.24. If you owned 200 shares of Conglomco stock, what were your dollar return and percent return last year?
2. Calculate the coefficient of variation for the following three stocks. Then rank them by their level of total risk, from highest to lowest: 
   • Conglomco has an average return of 11 percent and standard deviation of 24 percent.
   • Supercorp has an average return of 16 percent and standard deviation of 37 percent.
   • Megaorg has an average return of 10 percent and standard deviation of 29 percent.
3. Year-to-date, Conglomco has earned a −1.64 percent return, Supercorp has earned a 5.69 percent return, and Megaorg has earned a 0.23 percent return. If your portfolio is made up of 40 percent Conglomco stock, 30 percent Supercorp stock, and 30 percent Megaorg stock, what is your portfolio return?

Purpose of Assignment 

The materials covered this week distinguish  between the different costing methods and provides needed tools for  decision making. This case study focuses on determining equivalent units  in a production business setting. 

Assignment Steps 

Resources: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), U.S. Securities and Exchange Committee (SEC) 

Tutorial help on Excel® and Word functions can be found on the Microsoft® Office website. There are also additional tutorials via the web offering support for Office products. 

Scenario: Davis Skaros has recently been promoted to  production manager. He has just started to receive various managerial  reports, including the production cost report you prepared. It showed  his department had 2,000 equivalent units in ending inventory. His  department has had a history of not keeping enough inventory on hand to  meet demand. He has come to you, very angry, and wants to know why you  credited him with only 2,000 units when he knows he had at least twice  that many on hand.

Prepare a maximum 700-word informal memo and explain  to Mr. Skaros why his production cost report showed only 2,000  equivalent units in ending inventory. Using a professional tone, explain  to him clearly why your report is accurate.

Format the assignment consistent with APA guidelines. 

For this assignment, you are to complete a clinical case – narrated PowerPoint report that will follow the SOAP note example provided below. The case report will be based on an assigned clinical case scenario.  

You are to approach this clinical scenario as if it is a real patient in the clinical setting.

Instructions:

Step 1 – Read the assigned clinical scenario and using your clinical reasoning skills, decide on the diagnoses. This step informs your next steps.
Step 2 – Document the given information in the case scenario under the appropriate sections, headings, and subheadings of the SOAP note.
Step 3 – Document all the classic symptoms typically associated with the diagnoses in Step 1. This information may NOT be given in the scenario; you are to obtain this information from your textbooks. Include APA citations.

Example of Steps 1 – 3:
You decided on Angina after reading the clinical case scenario (Step 1)
Review of Symptoms (list of classic symptoms):
CV: sweating, squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightening, burning across the chest starting behind the breastbone
GI: indigestion, heartburn, nausea, cramping
Pain: pain to the neck, jaw, arms, shoulders, throat, back, and teeth
Resp: shortness of breath
Musculo: weakness

Step 4 – Document the abnormal physical exam findings typically associated with the acute and chronic diagnoses decided on in Step 1. Again, this information may NOT be given. Cull this information from the textbooks. Include APA citations.

Example of Step 4:
You determined the patient has Angina in Step 1
Physical Examination (list of classic exam findings):
CV: RRR, murmur grade 1/4
Resp: diminished breath sounds left lower lobe

Step 5 – Document the diagnoses in the appropriate sections, including the ICD-10 codes, from Step 1. Include three differential diagnoses. Define each diagnosis and support each differential diagnosis with pertinent positives and negatives and what makes these choices plausible. This information may come from your textbooks. Remember to cite using APA.

Step 6 – Develop a treatment plan for the diagnoses. Only use National Clinical Guidelines to develop your treatment plans. This information will not come from your textbooks. Use your research skills to locate appropriate guidelines. The treatment plan mustaddress the following:
a) Medications (include the dosage in mg/kg, frequency, route, and the number of days)
b) Laboratory tests ordered (include why ordered and what the results of the test may indicate)
c) Diagnostic tests ordered (include why ordered and what the results of the test may indicate)
d) Vaccines administered this visit & vaccine administration forms given,
e) Non-pharmacological treatments
f) Patient/Family education including preventive care
g) Anticipatory guidance for the visit (be sure to include exactly what you discussed during the visit; review Bright Futures website for this section)
h) Follow-up appointment with a detailed plan of f/u

CLINICAL CASE SCENARIO 

A 5-year-old boy presents to your clinic with a 1-day history of refusing to use his left arm. His father states that his son and his older sister were cared for by a babysitter the previous day. The babysitter said she had been playing with the children in the front yard when the patient ran after a ball that was rolling toward the street. She grabbed the patient’s left forearm and pulled him away from the street. Thereafter, the patient was irritable and holding his left arm close to his body with the elbow in a flexed position. On physical examination, the child has no bony tenderness, erythema, or swelling of the joints, but on passive motion, the child resists and cries in pain. Today, his vitals are as follows: weight 40.5 lbs, height 43.0 inches, BP 110/76, HR 100, RR 26, and Temperature is 98.6 F.

Diagnosis – Subluxation of Radial Head

As you develop your narrated PowerPoint, be sure to address the criteria discussed in the video above and the instructions listed below:

FOLLOW THE TEMPLATE BELOW for the Clinical Case Report – SOAP PowerPoint Assignment:

DO NOT INCLUDE THESE INSTRUCTIONS IN THE POWERPOINT. POINTS WILL BE DEDUCTED. REFER TO THE EXAMPLE CASE REPORT FOR GUIDANCE.

SUBJECTIVE (S): Describes what the patient reports about their condition.
For INITIAL visits gather the info below from the clinical scenario and the textbook. DO NOT COPY AND PASTE THE SCENARIO; EXTRACT THE RELEVANT INFORMATION.

Historian (required; unless the patient is 16 y/o and older): document name and relationship of guardian
Patient’s Initials + CC (Identification and Chief Complaint): E.g. 6-year-old female here for evaluation of a palmar rash
HPI (History of Present Illness): Remember OLD CAARTS (onset, location, duration, character, aggravating/alleviating factors, radiation, temporal association, severity) written in paragraph form
PMH (Past Medical History): List any past or present medical conditions, surgeries, or other medical interventions the patient has had. Specify what year they took place
MEDs: List prescription medications the patient is taking. Include dosage and frequency if known. Inquire and document any over-the-counter, herbal, or traditional remedies.
Allergies: List any allergies the patient has and indicate the reaction. e.g. Medications (tetracycline-> shortness of breath), foods, tape, iodine->rash
FH (Family History): List relevant health history of immediate family: grandparents, parents, siblings, or children. e.g. Inquire about any cardiovascular disease, HTN, DM, cancer, or any lung, liver, renal disease, etc…
SHx (Social history): document parent’s work (current), educational level, living situation (renting, homeless, owner), substance use/abuse (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, illicit drugs), firearms in-home, relationship status (married, single, divorced, widowed), number of children in the home (in SF or abroad), how recently pt immigrated to the US and from what country of origin (if applicable), the gender of sexual partners, # of partners in last 6 mo, vaginal/anal/oral, protected/unprotected.

Patient Profile: Activities of Daily Living (age-appropriate): (include feeding, sleeping, bathing, dressing, chores, etc.), Changes in daycare/school/after-school care, Sports/physical activity, and Developmental History: (provide a history of development over the child’s lifespan. If a child is 1y/o or younger, provide birth history also)

HRB (Health-related behaviors):
ROS (Review of Systems): Asking about problems by organ system systematically from head-to-toe. Included classic associated symptoms (this includes pertinent negatives and positives).

OBJECTIVE: Physical findings you observe or find on the exam.
1. Age, gender, general appearance
2. Vitals – HR, BP, RR, Temp, BMI, Height & Percentile; Weight & Percentile, Include the Growth Chart
3. Physical Exam: note pertinent positives and negatives (refer to the textbook for classic findings related to present complaint and the diagnosis you believe the patient has)
4. Lab Section – what results do you have?
5. Studies/Radiology/Pap Results Section – what results do you have?

RISK FACTORS: List risk factors for the acute and chronic conditions

ASSESSMENT: What do you think is going on based on the clinical case scenario? This is based on the case. You are to list the acute diagnosis and three differential diagnoses, in order of what is likely, possible, and unlikely (include supporting information that helped you to arrive at these differentials). You must include the ICD-10 codes, the definition for the acute and differential diagnoses, and the pertinent positives and negatives of each diagnosis.

You are to also list any chronic conditions with the ICD-10 codes.

NATIONAL CLINICAL GUIDELINES: List the guidelines you will use to guide your treatment and management plan

TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT PLAN: Number problems (E.g. 1. HTN, 2. DM, 3. Knee sprain), use bullet points, and include A – F below for each diagnosis and G – H after you’ve addressed all conditions.

Example:
1. HTN
a) Vaccines administered this visit & vaccine administration forms given,
b) Medication-include dosage amounts and mg/kg for drug and number of days,
c) Laboratory tests ordered
d) Diagnostic tests ordered
e) Non-pharmaceutical treatments
f) Patient/Family education including preventive care

2. HLD
a) Vaccines administered this visit & vaccine administration forms given,
b) Medication-include dosage amounts and mg/kg for drug and number of days,
c) Laboratory tests ordered
d) Diagnostic tests ordered
e) Non-pharmaceutical treatments
f) Patient/Family education including preventive care
Also discussed:
g) Anticipatory guidance for next well-child visit (be sure to include exactly what you discussed during the visit; review Bright Futures website for this section)
Return to the clinic:
h) Follow-up appointment with a detailed plan for f/u and any referrals

Submission Details:

• Post the Week 8 Clinical Case Report SOAP Note Assignment to the Discussion Boardbelow by the date assigned.
• Name your Case Report SOAP note document NSG6435_W8_SOAP_LastName_FirstInitial.ppt.

The purpose of this assignment is to analyze and review company report specifications. You will apply what you have learned in past principles of practice by completing one of the following options. The instructor will assign you a scenario that includes a corporation’s pertinent financial information.

Using your corporation’s information and what you have learned in this course, develop a memo to your client, using the outline presented. The memo should be 500-750 words and must include the following information:

1. Explanation of the taxpayer’s business and issue at hand (heading: Facts).
2. Explanation of the IRS rules regarding the matter (also part of Facts).
3. Tax laws and applicable court cases to support the deductions, where applicable (heading: Analysis).
4. Conclusion as to the recommendations to the company (heading: Conclusion).

The organization of the memo should present the headings in the following order: Facts, Conclusion, Analysis. The response should be formatted as a professional business memo to the client. Please save your assignment as a Word document with the filename: LastnameFirstInitial.ACC460.M.docx, where the M refers to Memo.

Option 1

Problem: Adapted from I.11-66 in the textbook.

Sonny Corporation has never been audited before the current year. An audit is now needed by a CPA because the company is expanding rapidly and plans to issue stock to the public. A CPA firm has been doing preliminary evaluations of the Sonny Corporation’s accounts and records. One major problem involves the valuation of inventory under GAAP. Sonny Corporation has been valuing its inventory under the cost method and no write-downs have been made for obsolescence. A review of the inventory indicates that obsolescence and excess spare parts in the inventory are two major violations of Accounting Periods and Methods. The CPA states that for GAAP the company will be required to write down its inventory by 25% of its stated amount, or $100,000, and charge this amount against net income from operations for the current period. Otherwise, an unqualified (i.e., a “clean opinion”) will not be rendered. The company controller asks your advice regarding the tax consequences from the obsolescence and spare parts inventory write-downs for the current year and the procedures for changing to the lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method for tax purposes. Sonny Corporation uses a calendar year for both book and tax purposes, and the date of your contact with the company is December 1 of the current year.

A partial list of research sources includes:

• 446 and 471
• Secs. 1.446-1(e)(3), 1.471-2 and 1.471-4
• American Liberty Pipe Line Co. v. CIR, 32 AFTR 1099, 44-2 USTC ¶9408 (5th Cir., 1944)
• Thor Power Tool Co. v. CIR, 43 AFTR 2d 79-362,79-1 USTC ¶9139 (USSC, 1979)