Clotrimazole

The therapeutic actions of Clotrimazole (Lotrimin) include treatment of tinea corporis (ringworm; fungal skin infection that causes a red scaly rash on different parts of the body), tinea cruris (jock itch; fungal infection of the skin in the groin or buttocks), and tinea pedis (athlete’s foot; fungal infection of the skin on the feet and between the toes) (Kumari & Kesavan, 2017).  Clotrimazole is in a class of antifungal medications called imidazoles.  

The essence of its mechanism of functioning is stopping the growth of fungi that cause infection (Kumari & Kesavan, 2017).  It prevents growth of several types of fungi by preventing interfering with the production of the membrane that surrounds fungal cells (Kumari & Kesavan, 2017).  The mechanism of action of clotrimazole is associated with primary fungistatic or fungicidal activity, depending on the concentration of clotrimazole at the site of infection (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  Clotrimazole also disrupts the vital processes in the fungal cell, suppressing the formation of components necessary for building vital cellular structures (proteins, fats, DNA, polysaccharides), damaging nucleic acids and increasing the excretion of potassium.  In addition to the antimycotic activity, clotrimazole also acts on gram-positive microorganisms (streptococci, staphylococci, Gardnerella vaginalis) and gram-negative microorganisms (Bacteroids). 

Topical clotrimazole comes as a cream and liquid to apply to the skin.  It is usually applied twice a day to address the rash problem identified (morning and night) (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  Clotrimazole is poorly absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes, and has practically no systemic effect (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease, the localization of pathological changes and the effectiveness of therapy.  If signs of hypersensitivity or irritation appear, treatment is discontinued (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  If there is no effect within 4 weeks, the diagnosis should be confirmed.

Taking into consideration potential threats of using clotrimazole for a 6-week-old baby, Ms. Jones will need to be educated to use the medication strictly according to the treatment plan, because it can cause potential side effects if used unproperly.  Some of the possible side effects are rash; hives; stomach pain; fever; chills; nausea; vomiting; foul-smelling vaginal discharge (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  If anything of these occurs, Ms. Jones is educated to discontinue the medication and call the office (Woo & Robinson, 2020).  Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug.  

Also, prior to use of clotrimazole, it is important to cleanse and thoroughly dry the area.  By all means, it is important to avoid contact of clotrimazole with eyes and application to severely cracked or irritated areas.  Besides, Ms. Jones needs to be warned to return to the office should she notice the signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction to clotrimazole.  When the medication is finished, it is important to dispose it in order to ensure that children and pets do not take it in and cause harm to themselves as a result (Kumari & Kesavan, 2017).  The best way to dispose this medication is through a medicine take-back program.

References

Kumari, B., & Kesavan, K. (2017). Effect of chitosan coating on microemulsion for effective dermal clotrimazole delivery. Pharmaceutical development and technology, 22(4), 617-626. https://doi.org/10.1080/10837450.2016.1230629

Woo, T., & Robinson, M. (2020). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurse prescribers. (4th ed.). F.A Davis.

 

 There are many assessments that would need to be made to ensure the baby is growing properly. The developmental markers are physical, communicational, emotional and cognitive (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). From the given information, the nine-month-old girl is 68.5 cm in length (25th percentile), weighs 6.75 kg (5th percentile), and head circumference is 43 cm (25th percentile). The average weight of a 9-month-old female infant is 8 to 8.6 kg, length 68.5 to 71 cm and head circumference around 44 cm (center for this is control and prevention, 2020). So, the child is under weight. Other physical markers include the nine-month-old girl is being able to complete tasks such as crawling, sitting without support, pulling self to standing, stands while holding a support, and making stepping motions (Green, 2018). Understanding of the word no, makes sounds such as mama call my dada, coping sounds and using fingers to point are typical communication for a nine-month-old. Emotional markers include being afraid of strangers, being clinging to familiar people, and having favorite toys. A 9-month-old with normal development in cognition will watch the path of falling items, looks for others when they hide, plays peek-a-boo, put things in mouth, most things from one hand to the other smoothly, and is able to pick up small items between thumb and index finger. Another developmental marker is assessing dental health and impact of teething.

     Recommendations to the mother mainly depend on the answers to the developmental questions. Assessment of nutritional intake would be a key to understanding why the child is lacking in weight. It is good to go over the infant’s feeding schedule, and also assessing if the mother is breastfeeding or not. If the mother is breastfeeding, it would be important to recommend foods that are nutritious for the baby and ensuring she is feeding often enough and producing enough milk. By the age the child can eat small pieces of more solid foods such as crackers cooked vegetables and more. It is also possible to suggest items to ease the child’s teething pain such as a frozen teething ring or cool soft foods. Ensuring proper diet and care for the child are very important to maintain overall health and wellness.

Reference:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Retrieved from CDC24/7: Saving lives, Protecting People: https://cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-9mon.html

Respond using 200-300 APA format with references supporting the discussion

 

Should employers be required to offer their employees paid sick leave.  Although the federal government has yet to act, some states (not Texas) and some cities (not Houston) have adopted paid sick leave requirements.  Is this a good idea?  Would you be more likely or less likely to vote for a candidate that favored paid sick leave?  Why or why not?

Before responding to this question, read the essays and watch the videos posted below. Your post should demonstrate a good understanding of the topic. Be sure to use good English grammar and composition skills. Your response is worth up to 25 points, so be sure to take your time to do this assignment well.  Please continue the conversation with your classmates by posting a reply to someone else’s response. 

Remember: To receive credit, your post should specifically mention the title, author, or source of at least two of the articles or videos posted below.

Center for Economic and Policy Research, “The United States Lags the World in Paid Sick Days for Workers and Families.”

http://cepr.net/documents/publications/psd-summary.pdf (Links to an external site.)

Video, Austin Business Owners Debate Paid Sick Leave:DEBATE: Two Austin business owners explain their views on the mandatory sick leave ordinance (Links to an external site.)

Employment Policy Institute, “Rethink Paid Sick Leave.”

https://www.epionline.org/oped/rethink-paid-sick-leave-laws/ (Links to an external site.)

Texas Monthly, “The Paid Sick Leave Fight is About Whose Interests Matter Most in the Legislature.”

https://www.texasmonthly.com/politics/paid-sick-leave-fight-texas-interests-legislature/ (Links to an external site.)

 

• Describe governance regulations in health care
• Identify challenges in managing private health care information
• Explain healthcare management systems

  

Scenario:

You have recently been hired as a Chief Information Governance Officer (CIGO) at a large company (You may choose your industry). This is a newly created position and department within the organization that was founded on the need to coordinate all areas of the business and to provide governance of the information. You will need to hire for all positions within your new department.

The company has been in business for more than 50 years and in this time has collected vast amounts of data. Much of this data has been stored in hard copy format in filing cabinets at an offsite location but in recent times, collected business data is in electronic format stored in file shares. Customer data is being stored in a relational database, but the lack of administration has caused data integrity issues such as duplication. There are currently no policies in place to address the handling of data, business or customer. The company also desires to leverage the marketing power of social media, but has no knowledge of the types of policies or legal issues they would need to consider. You will also need to propose relevant metrics that should be collected to ensure that the information governance program is effective.

The CEO and Board of Directors have tasked you to develop a proposal (paper) that will give them the knowledge needed to make informed decisions on an enterprise-wide Information Governance program, addressing (at a minimum) all of these issues, for the company. 

Requirements:

The paper should include at a minimum of the following sections:

a. Title page

b. Executive Summary (Abstract)

c. Body

i. Introduction (including industry discussion – 1-2 pages)

ii. Annotated Bibliography (2-3 pages)

iii. Literature review (2-3 pages)

iv. Program and technology recommendations, including:

1. Metrics

2. Data that matters to the executives in that industry, the roles for those executives, and some methods for getting this data into their hands.

3. Regulatory, security, and privacy compliance expectations for your company

4. Email and social media strategy

5. Cloud Computing strategy

d. Conclusion

e. References

2. You must include at least two figures or tables. These must be of your own creation. Do not copy from other sources.

3. Must cite at least 10 references and 5 must be from peer reviewed scholarly journals (accessible from the UC Library).

4. This paper should be in proper APA format and avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing content. It should be a minimum of 8 pages in length (double-spaced), excluding the title page and references.

• Week 6 Assignment – The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security
  Overview
  The United Nations (UN) has hired you as a consultant, and your task is to assess the impact that global warming is expected to have on population growth and the ability of societies in the developing world to ensure the adequate security of their food supplies.
  Case Assessment
  As the world’s population nears 10 billion by 2050, the effects of global warming are stripping some natural resources from the environment. As they diminish in number, developing countries will face mounting obstacles to improving the livelihoods of their citizens and stabilizing their access to enough food. The reason these governments are struggling even now is that our climate influences their economic health and the consequent diminishing living standards of their peoples. Climate changes are responsible for the current loss of biodiversity as well as the physical access to some critical farming regions. As such, these changes in global weather patterns diminish agricultural output and the distribution of food to local and international markets. These difficulties will become even more significant for these countries as the Earth’s climate changes for the worse. Temperatures are already increasing incrementally, and polar ice caps are melting, so the salient question is: what does this suggest for developing societies?
  The issue before the developing world is not its lack of food, but rather how to gain access to food. Simply put, changes in our climate are affecting the global food chain, and hence, the living standards of entire populations. Added to this is the fact that food is not getting to where it is needed in time to prevent hunger or starvation. In many developing countries, shortages are due to governments’ control over distribution networks rather than an insufficient supply of food itself. In effect, these governments are weaponizing food by favoring certain ethnic or religious groups over others. When added to dramatic climate changes that we are experiencing even now, the future for billions of poor people looks increasingly dim.
  Instructions
  You are to write a minimum of a 5 page persuasive paper for the UN that addresses the following questions about the relationship between atmospheric weather patterns and food security in the developing world:
  1. Climate change and global warming are often used interchangeably, but they are not the same phenomenon. What are the differences between the two concepts and what leads to the confusion between them?
  2. In 1900, the average global temperature was about 13.7° Celsius (56.7° Fahrenheit) (Osborn, 2021), but as of 2020, the temperature has risen another 1.2°C to 14.9°C (58.9°F). According to the Earth and climate science community, if the Earth’s surface temperature rises another 2°C (3.6°F), we will suffer catastrophic weather patterns that, among other things, will raise sea levels, cause widespread droughts and wildfires, result in plant, insect, and animal extinctions, and reduce agricultural productivity throughout the world (Mastroianni, 2015 and Lindsey & Dahlman, 2020). How much credibility do you place in these projections? Why?
  3. There is no question that the Earth’s food sources are threatened by changes in its weather patterns, but what specific challenges does climate change pose to the food security of people in the developing world?
  4. There is currently a debate among some multinational lending agencies like the International Monetary Fund, UNICEF, and AID over the financial support for food security has been misused by recipient government officials. On the other hand, U.S. authorities insist that misuse of its assistance is not occurring because it has strict monitoring oversight in place. What is your position on this matter? Is there evidence that financial assistance to developing governments is being widely misused by government officials?
  5. Guidelines
  6. This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards (SWS). For assistance and information, please refer to the SWS link in the left-hand menu of your course and check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  7. In order to earn full credit, your paper must be divided into at least four full pages of content (one page to address each of the four questions above), and include at least a one-half page introduction and a one-half page conclusion – making a minimum total of five full pages of text.
  8. You must use at least seven credible sources (excluding Wikipedia, dictionaries, and encyclopedias) that are appropriate for the subjects under discussion.
  9. You must use only double-spacing and not place extra spacing between paragraphs or section headings.
  10. The specific course learning outcome associated with this assignment is as follows:
  • Evaluate the impacts that climate changes are having on the growth of global populations and the security of their food sources.
  • References
    Liz Osborn. 2021. History of Changes in the Earth’s Temperature. https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/changes-in-earth-temperature.php
    Brian Mastroianni. 2015. Why 2 degrees are so important. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/paris-un-climate-talks-why-2-degrees-are-so-important
    Rebecca Lindsey and LuAnn Dahlman. 2020. Climate change global temperature. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature