Assessment Tools, Diagnostics, Growth, Measurement, and Nutrition in Adults and Children

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Many experts predict that genetic testing for disease susceptibility is well on its way to becoming a routine part of clinical care. Yet many of the genetic tests currently being developed are, in the words of the World Health Organization (WHO), of “questionable prognostic value.”
—Leslie Pray, PhD

Obesity remains one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. As a leading cause of United States mortality, morbidity, disability, healthcare utilization and healthcare costs, the high prevalence of obesity continues to strain the United States healthcare system (Obesity Society, 2016).  More than one-third (39.8%) of U.S. adults have obesity (CDC, 2018). The estimated annual medical cost of obesity in the U.S. was $147 billion in 2008 U.S. dollars; the medical costs for people who are obese were $1,429 higher than those of normal weight (CDC, 2018).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the rate of childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years, with an estimated 13.7 million children and adolescents considered obese (CDC, 2018). When seeking insights about a patient’s overall health and nutritional state, body measurements can provide a valuable perspective. This is particularly important with pediatric patients. Measurements such as height and weight can provide clues to potential health problems and help predict how children will respond to illness. Nurses need to be proficient at using assessment tools, such as the Body Mass Index (BMI) and growth charts, in order to assess nutrition-related health risks and pediatric development while being sensitive to other factors that may affect these measures. Body Mass Index is also used as a predictor for measurement of adult weight and health.

Assessments are constantly being conducted on patients, but they may not provide useful information. In order to ensure that health assessments provide relevant data, nurses should familiarize themselves with test-specific factors that may affect the validity, reliability, and value of these tools.

This week, you will explore various assessment tools and diagnostic tests that are used to gather information about patients’ conditions. You will examine the validity and reliability of these tests and tools. You will also examine assessment techniques, health risks and concerns, and recommendations for care related to patient growth, weight, and nutrition.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

  • Evaluate validity and reliability of assessment tools and diagnostic tests
  • Analyze diversity considerations in health assessments
  • Apply concepts, theories, and principles related to examination techniques, functional assessments, and cultural and diversity awareness in health assessment
  • Apply assessment skills to collect patient health histories

Assignment 1: Case Study Assignment: Assessment Tools and Diagnostic Tests in Adults and Children

When seeking to identify a patient’s health condition, advanced practice nurses can use a diverse selection of diagnostic tests and assessment tools; however, different factors affect the validity and reliability of the results produced by these tests or tools. Nurses must be aware of these factors in order to select the most appropriate test or tool and to accurately interpret the results.

Not only do these diagnostic tests affect adults, body measurements can provide a general picture of whether a child is receiving adequate nutrition or is at risk for health issues. These data, however, are just one aspect to be considered. Lifestyle, family history, and culture—among other factors—are also relevant. That said, gathering and communicating this information can be a delicate process.

Photo Credit: Getty Images/Hero Images

For this Assignment, you will consider the validity and reliability of different assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You will explore issues such as sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. You will also consider examples of children with various weight issues. You will explore how you could effectively gather information and encourage parents and caregivers to be proactive about their children’s health and weight.

To Prepare
  • Review this week’s Learning Resources and consider factors that impact the validity and reliability of various assessment tools and diagnostic tests. You also will review examples of pediatric patients and their families as it relates to BMI.
  • By Day 1 of this week, you will be assigned to one of the following Assignment options by your Instructor: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests (option 1), or Child Health Case (Option 2). Note: Please see the “Course Announcements” section of the classroom for your assignments from your Instructor.
  • Search the Walden Library and credible sources for resources explaining the tool or test you were assigned. What is its purpose, how is it conducted, and what information does it gather?
  • Also, as you search the Walden library and credible sources, consider what the literature discusses regarding the validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, ethical dilemmas, and controversies related to the test or tool.
  • If you are assigned Assignment Option 2 (Child), consider what health issues and risks may be relevant to the child in the health example.
    • Based on the risks you identified, consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
    • Consider how you could encourage parents or caregivers to be proactive toward the child’s health.
The Assignment

Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages):

Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests:
Include the following:

  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?
    • What information does it gather?
  • Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.

Assignment Option 2: Child Health Case:
Include the following:

  • An explanation of the health issues and risks that are relevant to the child you were assigned.
  • Describe additional information you would need in order to further assess his or her weight-related health.
  • Identify and describe any risks and consider what further information you would need to gain a full understanding of the child’s health. Think about how you could gather this information in a sensitive fashion.
  • Taking into account the parents’ and caregivers’ potential sensitivities, list at least three specific questions you would ask about the child to gather more information.
  • Provide at least two strategies you could employ to encourage the parents or caregivers to be proactive about their child’s health and weight.

Internal Control

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Assume that you are the internal auditor for the business and you have to evaluate the internal control procedures that have been implemented in the business.

There are three objectives of internal control:

  1. Assets are safeguarded and used for business purposes,
  2. Business information is accurate, and
  3. Employees comply with laws and regulations.

The five elements of internal control are:

  1. The control environment,
  2. Risk assessment,
  3. Control procedures,
  4. Monitoring, and
  5. Information and communication.

If you owned a business, you would expect your employees to:

  1. Work to achieve the business goals and objectives you establish.
  2. Use business assets (such as machinery or automobiles) only for legitimate business purposes and avoid wasting business resources.
  3. Record accurate data regarding business transactions so you could accurately judge how well your business is doing.
  4. Refrain from stealing your cash, supplies, inventory, or property, plant, and equipment.

In theory, you should be able to expect these things. In practice, however, you must establish an internal control framework to make sure your business objectives are achieved, assets are protected from theft and misuse, and financial data are recorded accurately.

 The following eight procedures (A–H) were recently installed by Quixote Consulting:

  1. The bank reconciliation is prepared by the cashier, who works under the supervision of the treasurer.
  2. All mail is opened by the mail clerk, who forwards all cash remittances to the cashier. The cashier prepares a listing of the cash receipts and forwards a copy of the list to the accounts receivable clerk for recording in the accounts.
  3. At the end of the day, cash register clerks are required to use their own funds to make up any cash shortages in their registers.
  4. At the end of each day, all cash receipts are placed in the bank’s night depository.
  5. At the end of each day, an accounting clerk compares the duplicate copy of the daily cash deposit slip with the deposit receipt obtained from the bank.
  6. The accounts payable clerk prepares a voucher for each disbursement. The voucher along with the supporting documentation is forwarded to the treasurer’s office for approval.
  7. After necessary approvals have been obtained for the payment of a voucher, treasurer signs and mails the check. The treasurer then stamps the voucher and supporting documentation as paid and returns the voucher and supporting documentation to the accounts payable clerk for filing.
  8. Along with petty cash expense receipts for postage, office supplies, etc., several post-dated employee checks are in the petty cash fund.

Instructions

  1. Indicate whether each of the procedures of internal control represents: (1) a strength or, (2) a weakness. For each weakness, indicate why it exists and what procedures should be put into place to alleviate the risk.
  2. For each letter, A–H, you should have at least a one paragraph, thoughtful answer that includes good critical thinking.
  3. Your Assignment must be submitted in a single Word document.
  4. The document must use APA formatting and include a proper Running head, Title Page, and references (Please review the documents placed in Course Documents related to APA formatting and proper formal writing. You may use the file titled “APA Template” and revise it to meet the Assignment criteria).
  5. Use properly formatted headings to organize your paper.
  6. You must include proper references and citations for any content not original to you. Also, you must use independent references/citations to support any “personal knowledge” or “personal experience” you include in the analysis. Formal writing does not recognize your own personal knowledge as “common knowledge.” Therefore, proper independent support must be included for any assertions made.

Assignment #5: Pamphlet Creation

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  1. Create a pamphlet (a trifold) that includes information, images, quotes etc. about sexual violence and rape culture within colleges and universities.  You might focus on these larger topics; you might focus on specific areas of discussion such as Title IX, athletics, Greek Life, or party culture. Or you can focus on a specific school, example, or issue.  The options are endless so long as it connects directly to this lesson’s area of focus
    The pamphlet should highlight issues of sexual violence and rape culture within colleges and universities, educating the viewer about the issue, offering specifics, details, and insights to further the knowledge and understanding about the subject at hand.  It is your opportunity to teach and educate those outside the classroom about these issues, about what you learned (or knowledge connected to our class) challenging them to engage in these critical conversations.  The key is to highlight these issues, and to do so primarily through images, quotes, statistics.  The challenge is to bring this part of the course, its readings/film, and the issues discussed in/related to class to life in a pamphlet.  The challenge is to make visible these issues in a medium that doesn’t allow for a lot of text.  Be creative.  Point to things they can do with this information. 
    A successful project in 10 steps

    1. Prepare and plan to be successful
    2. Find a focus.  I am going to do a pamphlet on ____ (topic).  
    3. CONDUCT RESEARCH; utilize outside sources AND course sources
    4. Find images, key facts, quotes, information, that allow you to tell your story
    5. CONDUCT MORE RESEARCH
    6. Reflect and then decide how you will present this information.  Think creatively
    7. Make sure you project educates a person, encouraging them to learn about the issue, theme, concept, etc.
    8. GIVE EFFORT
    9. SHOW EFFORT
    10. Submit on ______
    11. Grading breakdown is as follows:

Impossibler burger

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prepare a 10 – 12 page comprehensive and integrated marketing strategy for the product or service ” Impossible Burger”

The integrated marketing strategy should briefly describe the product or service, and present an integrated and viable strategy that addresses your target market, distribution channels, pricing, and promotion. Remember, it is a playbook, an action plan for your product or service.

In addition, provide a competitive analysis that describes how the product or service can be differentiated from current and/or anticipated competitors, and how technology including e-business and social media supports the marketing strategy.

Support your analysis with at least six (6) or more academic sources, which may include your textbook, and/or credible business journals such as Barrons, The Wall Street Journal and/or Business Week.  

Your analysis should include:

  • A description of your product or service, detailing the need it will meet in the marketplace; and where it fits in the product life cycle.
  • A marketing strategy that integrates target market, channels of distribution, pricing and promotion into a viable plan for your first 12 months
  • A discussion about how you will differentiate your product or service from current or anticipated competitors in terms of product features focused on the target market, channels of distribution, pricing and promotion
  • A discussion about how technology, including e-business and social media, will be applied to your marketing strategy

Be sure your paper is aligned to the rubric.  Each criteria should be a section in your paper.  This will ensure you hit all the requirements of the assignment.  Check the criteria against your paper to be sure each element is included in your submission.

Check your submission using the Similarity Checker, then fix any similarities before you submit your paper to Turn It In.  Reach for your professor if you have questions about your similarity score.  The professor can help you understand what the score means and how you can update your paper to fix the similarities before final submission.

BUS 499 ESSAY

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Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies

Overview

In this assignment, you are to use the same corporation you selected and focused on for the assignments, Strategic Management and Strategic Competitiveness and External and Internal Environments.

Research the company on its own website, the public filings on the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Filing & Forms page, the Strayer University’s online databases, the Lexis Advance database, and any other sources you can find. The annual report will often provide insights that can help address some of these questions.

Use the Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Template [DOCX] to ensure that your assignment meets the requirements.

Requirements

Write a 6–8 page paper in which you do the following:

  • Analyze the business-level strategies for the corporation you chose to determine the business-level strategy you think is most important to the long-term success of the firm and whether or not you judge this to be a good choice. Justify your opinion.
  • Analyze the corporate-level strategies for the corporation you chose to determine the corporate-level strategy you think is most important to the long-term success of the firm and whether or not you judge this to be a good choice. Justify your opinion.
  • Analyze the competitive environment to determine the corporation’s most significant competitor. Compare their strategies at each level and evaluate which company you think is most likely to be successful in the long term. Justify your choice.
  • Determine whether your choice from Question 3 in the Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Template [DOCX] would differ in slow-cycle and fast-cycle markets.
  • Use at least three quality references.  Wikipedia and other websites do not qualify as academic resources. PLEASE USE THE  ATTACHED PROVIDE TEMPLATE FOR THE PAPER

PL Wikipedia and other websites do not qualify as academic resources. L

Expected Value and Consumer Choices

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Assignment 2: Expected Value and Consumer Choices

Consumers’ choices are prey to subtle discrepancies that arise in cognitive accounting. Learning how and when you are prey to these discrepancies is an important step in improving your decision making.

As the readings for this module demonstrate, people value gains and losses differently under different scenarios. For example, contestants in a game show might choose a guaranteed $10 prize over a 50 percent chance of winning $20 despite the fact that the expected values are the same.

Using the readings for this module, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet, address the following:

  • What is mental accounting and how does it impact consumer decision making?
  • How might a company take advantage of consumers’ mental accounting? Give examples.
  • As a marketer, how might you frame certain decisions to benefit from the disparities that arise in one’s cognitive accounting?
  • As a consumer, how would you avoid the pitfalls posed by the inequalities of one’s cognitive accounting?

Write a 3–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M4_A2.doc.

By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.

Assignment 2 Grading CriteriaMaximum PointsExamined the concept of mental accounting and how it impacts consumer decision making.20Adequately described how a company can take advantage of consumers’ mental accounting, providing appropriate examples.24As a marketer, explained how certain decisions might be framed to benefit from the disparities that arise in one’s cognitive accounting. As a consumer, explained how to avoid the pitfalls posed by the inequalities of one’s cognitive accounting.36Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.20Total:100 xpected Value and Consumer Choices

Deliverable 3 – Strategic Management Analysis

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Competency

Formulate strategies based on an external and environmental analysis.

Instructions

All of the six organizations (Google, Walt Disney Company, Amazon, P&G, 3M, or Ford Motor Company) you chose from have invested in different methods of analysis to gain and retain industry standing. The threats and opportunities that exist for an organization are identified through studying and appraising the external environment. In order to be competitive, an organization must look closely at these aspects to properly formulate a successful strategic plan.

Write a three- to four-page APA formatted paper with at least two outside sources (in addition to the text) incorporating the following aspects:

  • Organizations as Open Systems:
    • One key aspect is the “Environment as Information Perspectives.” Discuss what was determined to be the environmental uncertainty for your chosen organization.
    • Another important aspect is the “Environment as Source of Resource Perspective.” Discuss the way in which management has been able to attain and regulate these critical resources for your organization.
    • Provide a breakdown of these two perspectives to better see how they can be applied. If these perspectives are not readily available for your organization, you may infer them from information about the organization that is available.
  • External and Environmental Analysis:
    • Within the specific environment, multiple variables exist. Discuss which two of the five competitive forces were found to be most valuable and why.
    • The general environment also needs to be examined. There are five sectors that should be analyzed. After evaluating each, discuss which two you believe will most impact the strategic management plan for your chosen organization and why.

In addition to the aspects above, please share the advantages and disadvantages that exist when performing an external analysis. What did you find to be the most beneficial and detrimental factors during this analysis? Incorporate information from the readings, your research, and personal experience (using APA citations where appropriate).

Grading Rubric

FFCBA01234No PassNo PassCompetenceProficiencyMasteryNot SubmittedDoes not identify the environmental uncertainty, nor are the required sources present to support points.Identifies environmental uncertainty, yet only a basic understanding is displayed and required sources are not included.Identifies environmental uncertainty, yet the description is underdeveloped and only a few resources are provided.Identifies the environmental uncertainty and fully supports stance with required sources.Not SubmittedNo mention of the manner in which management has been able to attain and regulate critical resources.Partial recognition is showcased when displaying the manner in which management has been able to attain and regulate critical resources, but is not supported by required sources.Partial recognition of the manner in which management has been able to attain and regulate critical resources, and is somewhat supported by required sources.Recognizes the manner in which management has been able to attain and regulate critical resources, and fully supports stance with required sources.Not SubmittedNo demonstration of the ability to pinpoint the value of two competitive forces.Only partial demonstration of the ability to pinpoint the value of two competitive forces.Pinpoints the value of two competitive forces, yet sources are not present to support points.Pinpoints the value of two competitive forces and provides supporting research.Not SubmittedNo demonstration of the ability to identify the two sectors needed.Identifies only the understanding of the two sectors needed, not the results.Identifies understanding of the two sectors needed, but does not provide research to support the results.Identifies understanding of the two sectors needed and provides supporting research. 

Personal Statement

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 Please address all of the following statements in one cohesive narrative:

  • Thoroughly discuss a current social issue that is relevant to social work practice and fostered or confirmed your interest in the social work profession. You also may mention additional reasons for deciding to pursue graduate social work study at this time. 
  • Discuss your career interests and/or objectives and how you plan to take advantage of the resources at Fordham University’s Graduate School of Social Service to support you in your goals. 
  • Please explain how you plan on balancing the demands of our online platform, including the 8 week class structure and field placement(s), with responsibilities you would have outside of school.

Personal statements must be formatted in Microsoft Word or converted to a .pdf document and uploaded to this application page. Applicants must submit a statement that uses Times New Roman font size twelve (12), one inch margins, and is double-spaced. In social work education, the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual (APA Style) is used for formatting and style. Applicants are required to use this guide for all formatting and style including a title page, running head, page numbers, in-text citations and a reference list. The personal statement must be a minimum of three (3) pages but not exceed five (5). Title page and reference list does not count towards page limits. Applicants are strongly encouraged to attend to composition, including spelling, punctuation and the use of thesis statements and introductory and concluding sentences and paragraphs. 
 

Extremist Groups

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 The paper will examine extremist leaders.  Students will choose an extremist group leader in the extremist movement and conduct a full analysis.  This analysis will include a full historical, ideological, operational, and outcome-based evaluation.  The analysis will further include a reality-based perspective of the impact of the extremist group leader on the fabric of contemporary society and the potential for this menace to grow as well as succeed in their stated (and unstated) goals.

Instructions:

he paper must include at least seven full pages of content with normal margins (this does not include a cover, abstract, references or any pictures/charts).  Scores for papers that do not meet the minimum length requirement will be marked down by five points for each half page or portion of a half page short, and ten points for three-quarters of a page short.  Tables, graphs, or charts should be presented in an appendix, but is not counted toward the minimum paper length. 

The paper must have a title page and must follow APA style.  Pages must be numbered.  An abstract is not necessary but may be included.  It does not count towards the required pages. 

A minimum of ten sources must be researched and cited in the paper.  Only sources referenced throughout the paper will be counted towards the ten.  The paper will be partially evaluated on the quality and appropriateness of your sources.  Generally, academic sources, e.g., books, journals, government-sponsored studies and reports, are of better quality than newspapers and magazines.  Web sources, other than government web sites, may not be used, unless it is a NJCU database article.  The course texts may be cited.   

The paper must be typed, double-spaced.  Times Roman font style should be consistent throughout the paper (Italics and boldface are permissible).  A twelve-point font size should be used.  Exceptions to the font requirements may be made for tables and exhibits, or in cases in which the nature of the paper warrants such deviation. 

The paper should be written in a style appropriate to college-level work, that is, proper grammar, syntax, spelling, and appropriate vocabulary are expected.  The paper will be evaluated based on these criteria as well as on content.  Papers that are judged to have not been proofread and grammatically sound will not be graded. Papers are due for submission on the last day of class and MUST be sent via E-MAIL.  Late papers will not be accepted. 

NRNP WK 1 RESPONSES

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Christy Drummond Discussion Wk 1: Factors That Influence the Development of PsychopathologyCOLLAPSE

Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

            Psychopathology is defined as the study of mental illness. Culture, social, biological, and psychological factors can influence the development of psychopathology. For years researchers have studied humans to determine if genetic or environmental factors have a more significant impact on a person’s behavior. The better we can understand why a mental disorder develops, the easier it will be to find effective treatments (Cuncic, 2020). For this discussion post, I will identify different factors that influence psychopathology.

Biological (Genetic and Neuroscientific)

            Biological factors affect psychopathology. According to Sadock et al. (2015), “The study of families with the use of population genetic methods over the last 50 years has consistently supported a genetic, heritable component to mental disorders.” Hereditary traits influence how a person will respond to different situations throughout their lifetime. The brain is comprised of many neurons and neurotransmitters that play a role in mental health disorders. Research has found 40-70% of a person’s cognition, temperament, and personality arise from genetic factors (Sadock et al., 2015). In addition, many factors (drug use, smoking, premature birth) during pregnancy affect a fetus’s biological makeup that can cause lifelong complications. Schizophrenia, depression, autism, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are all neuropsychiatric conditions that originate during brain development (Sadock et al., 2015). Also, the way a person’s body reacts to medications used to treat these disorders is influenced by genetics. It is impossible to explain the influence biologics have on psychopathology in one discussion post; many detailed books have been written hundreds of pages long attempting to explain the phenomenon.

Psychological (Behavioral and Cognitive Processes, Emotional, Developmental)        

            Psychological factors play a role in psychopathology. These factors can occur due to traumas such as childhood neglect, the death of an immediate family member, and abuse (physical, emotional, sexual). Physiological symptoms observed with psychopathology vary but can include changes in eating habits or mood, excessive worry, anxiety, distress, or fear, inability to concentrate, irritability or anger, low energy, sleep disturbances, and feelings of fatigue (Cuncic, 2020). Many times mental health disorders arise from the adverse effects during childhood or young adulthood. According to Masten & Kalstabakken (2018), “Community- or family-level violence can influence stress regulation systems within individuals.” These stress regulation systems can lead to mental health disorders, including addiction, anxiety, depression, or PTSD. Psychological trends have been studied in some individuals that make them more prone to drug or alcohol addiction.

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

            Psychopathology is also influenced by social, cultural, and interpersonal factors. According to Cheung & Mak (2018), “Emotional and behavioral disorders are closely tied to the social world.” Often, if a person acts outside what is considered socially normal, it is assumed there is something wrong with them. Factors including race, gender, culture, sexual preference, education level, and economic status can be associated with mental health disparities (Cheung & Mak, 2018). It has been discovered that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations are at an increased risk for suicide, traumatic stress reactions, major depression, and anxiety disorders (Molerio, 2018). A mental health provider must-know cultural differences in common populations. Social factors can have a substantial impact on mental health treatment. Some individuals may choose not to seek help because of the stigma surrounding mental health and the label that comes with having a mental health diagnosis.

References

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Cuncic, Arlin. (2020). An Overview of Psychopathology. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/an-overview-of-psychopathology-4178942

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1037/0000065-002

Molerio, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and clinical training in a globalized world. Front Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Alero Okundia Discussion Week 1COLLAPSE

Biological factors

The biological factors influencing the development of psychopathology involve those factors that have either organic or physical causes. Biological factors also involve factors that are associated with psychological disturbances such as genetic and neurological-neurotransmitters. Additionally, biological factors entail factors that directly affect an individual’s mental health such as prenatal damage, genetics, exposure to toxins, infections, and brain-related damage. Biological psychologists seek to establish how factors such as genetics, the chemical composition of brains influence human behavior (Tiwari & Gonzalez, 2018). Biological factors are known to impact how individuals think, feel, act as well as the development of psychology.

Psychological factors

Psychological factors influence the processing and development of thinking, behavior, and feelings throughout life. Psychological factors impact changes across three aspects, which include behavioral development, social-emotional development, and cognitive development (Martino & Vicario, 2019). Development psychologist, on the other hand, illustrates human growth and the associated changes across the lifespan concerning physical factors, cognitive, social intellectual, personality and emotional growth as well as the perceptual framework. Various research work, on psychological factors, has increased an understanding of different factors that influence mental, emotional, and behavioral development throughout human life from childhood to maturity. Additionally, it has been established that individuals’ factors, family, community, and social activities directly affect the children’s development.

Interpersonal factors

Interpersonal factors usually concentrate on family and various peer groups as well as the larger interpersonal scopes that illustrate the emergence of different disorders. Interpersonal factors alongside other factors such as the development of psychopathology, interacting and transacting levels as well as biological, emotional, cognitive, and contextual factors directly influence the risk of pathology. The said factors also impact integrative interpersonal aspects such as depression, anxiety, and other psychological disorders (Luyten, 2017). Interpersonal factors should however be enhanced by formulating factors that assure protection against psychopathology while closing the gap between interpersonal factors and protective measures to maximize a positive result across human development.

References

Tiwari, A., & Gonzalez, A. (2018). Biological alterations affecting risk of adult psychopathology following childhood trauma: a review of sex differences. Clinical psychology review, 66, 69-79.

Martino, G., Langher, V., Cazzato, V., & Vicario, C. M. (2019). Psychological factors as determinants of medical conditions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2502.

Luyten, P. (2017). Personality, psychopathology, and health through the lens of interpersonal relatedness and self-definition. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 65(3), 473-489.

pls respond separately with 3 resources/references on each discussion.