Reply must be at least 200-300 words. For each thread, you must support your assertions with at least 2 citations from sources such as your textbook, peer-reviewed journal articles, and the Bible. 

Textbook: Vito, G. F., & Higgins, G. E. (2015). Practical program evaluation for criminal justice. Waltham, MA: Elsevier. ISBN: 9781455777709.

**Christopher***

Formative, Process, outcome, economic, impact, summative, and goal based are 7 most common and most efficient forms of evaluations. Formative evaluation is used before a program or product has been implemented and used to explain the need or importance of its implementation. The positive of this evaluation is, it can allow for expansion and even remodeling of the program or product for improvement based on public opinion or access in the early stages. This type of evaluation does not lead to actual efficient or overall quality of this product (O’Brien, 2013, Williams, 2020).

Process evaluation this form is used to access the program or service once it has been begun. This assessment is able to identify inefficiencies and enable product managers to streamline the services. This form of evaluation allows for products to strive by identifying errors early on. While this form of assessment does the job to keep the managers up to date with the current status of their product or service, it does little to offer foresight of where the service or product needs to be in the future. Outcome evaluation is used during the implementation phase of a product or service and used to examine real time results of how the product or service implementation is being used and whether the ideal efficiency mark is being met. This form of evaluation is very effective in determined to what degree of benefit is being provided by the product and or service. The downside to this form is that the product of service must be in place for a certain amount of time before an evaluation can begin (O’Brien, 2013, Williams, 2020).

Economic evaluation looks at the benefit of the product and or service against the cost of running or having it in place. The benefit to this form is ensuring there is a cost-effective approach and the money from investors or backers is not being wasted. This form can assist managers in justifying their program cost. While examining cost versus outcome, this form does not evaluate the outcome the product or outcome can have on its customers. Impact evaluation is used to summarize an existing program or service and determine if it was successful from the start to end. The downfall to this form of assessment is it is done at the end of the program and does little to help adjust and counter negative aspects of the program during its lifetime. The positive aspects of this program is it can assist to develop or implement a second form or 2nd phase of the service or product based on positive results (O’Brien, 2013, Williams, 2020).

Summative evaluation is another form of evaluation done at the end of the programs life to determine if benefits were provided to its customers on an efficient and thorough basis. This form can assist in proving there was a positive impact and justify the original purpose of the program. The downside is the lack of future insight the program could have in an advanced form. Goals-based evaluation is based on intervals or nearing the end of the product or service to determine if the set goals were met or are on track to be met. This form does well to have insight on progress of goals set, but does not provide data or solutions on how to further achieve the goals if they are not to be met (O’Brien, 2013, Williams, 2020).

RCT’s or randomized controlled trials or randomized impact evaluations are a form of assessments or evaluations that uses access based off randomization to examine programs with the intention of limiting bias in the evaluation and assessing the actual impact that program is capable of having. The function of the RCT is to randomize the recipients of the program into treatment groups and control groups, those who receive the product or service and those who do not. Then there is a comparison of the two groups to display the impact the product or service is having  (O’Brien, 2013, Williams, 2020).

Questions about policing are often based on how to change or how to meet or dissolve current issues within communities. While these forms of evaluations can be great or many aspects of business platforms; when it comes to social programs, they have a slightly different impact and efficiency status. Examining social causes or community issues a police force is unable to use treatment groups as they are unable to control who they come into contact with, when they will come into contact with individuals and under what circumstances they are to come into contact with the community. Evidence-based policing has been the go to form of evaluation when it comes to social or justice issues involving community issues surrounding the police (Bornmann, 2017).

Questions that can be used for each of the 5 steps in the Maryland Scientific Methods Scale can be used to examine the background of individuals that come into contact with the police. Questions such as: Have you been arrested before? Were you in a juvenile justice or behavioral institution prior to your 18th birthday? Is this your first time committing a crime? Have your experiences with the police resulted in positive impressions? (Klenowski, etc., 2010).

 Watch the videos in which I solve problems 2-14, 2-17, 2-21 and 2-22 from the text, here https://video.emporia.edu/media/Problems_2-14_2-17_2-21_2-22_A/1_r1uqel1p . Answer the questions posed in the table below. Use an Excel spreadsheet to create the table and answer all questions. This assignment is due by the end of the day (23:59 CST) January 31st. 

 

The Problem:

A manufacturer produces multi-colored candies for sale during the holidays. You will need to generate the numbers of each candy color produced over the last five holiday seasons. Use the random number generator at this address [https://passwordsgenerator.net/ (Links to an external site.)]. Deselect all boxes except INCLUDE NUMBERS and select a PASSWORD length of 6. Generate a different six-digit number for each color of candy (RED, BLUE, GREEN, ORANGE and PURPLE). Enter the numbers in the PRODUCED column.

In your table, calculate the total number of candies produced, the probability [P(x)] for each color and sum all columns using Excel formulas. Then answer the following questions (round to three decimals [e.g., 0.250]):

• If an inspector were to randomly select a candy from a bin during a quality control review, what is the probability that she would select an orange candy?
• What is the probability that she would select a blue candy or a red candy?
• What is the probability that she would NOT select a green candy?

Color            Produced          Probability P(X)

Red              RRRRRR       

Blue             BBBBBB

Green          GGGGGG

Orange        OOOOOO

Purple          PPPPPP

Total

Abstract

Two to three page report on your initial thoughts/insights into Agile and Waterfall.

Background Information

In this class, we will introduce the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) through an example-driven manner, focusing on Agile development. As I have, and will try to, stress throughout the semester, Agile is by no means “the silver bullet” and there are places where waterfall and other processes are better suited.  As you go forth and become software team leaders, you can and will take what you like from the varying processes and apply it to your respective contexts.  You will find that there are strong proponents and opponents to both Agile and Waterfall-type techniques, which is the focus of this assignment.

Assignment

1.       Read pro-agile article https://www.technologyreview.com/s/528651/what-every-company-should-know-about-agile-software-development/ 

2.       Read pro-waterfall (anti agile) article https://michaelochurch.wordpress.com/2015/06/06/why-agile-and-especially-scrum-are-terrible/ 

3.       Find two additional articles: One pro-agile, one pro-Waterfall, and read them.

4.       Briefly summarize all four articles in 1 paragraph per article (I would say 1-1.5 pages at most for the entire summary portion). So, likely a large paragraph for each. 

5.       In an additional 5th paragraph, Give your honest opinion and insight given what you have read in these articles. While it is difficult for those of us that have not yet worked on a large-scale software project, try to speculate which would work better for you, and your future careers. 

Guidelines

• Be sure to cite your work extensively! Use any citation style you would like.  Any plagiarism will result in a penalty and additional punitive measures, including those decided by the department chair. 
• While Wikipedia is a good starting place to look for OTHER sources, you may not cite or use Wikipedia other than for that purpose (a starting place).
• 2-3 pages, Normal (reasonable) margins and font. 1.15 spacing.

Rubric

• 2 points per each (x4) article summary. 2 points for your insights paragraph. = 10 
• Points awarded for general impression of quality, comprehension demonstration, and effort.  And, of course, following my (customer) requirements outlined above) = 2 points

This assessment is designed to evaluate your proficiency in the following standards:  CCSS: W.11-12.4 – Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience.
CCSS: RL.11-12.3. Analyze the impact of the author’s choices regarding how to develop and relate elements of the story or drama (for example, where the story is set, how the action is ordered, and how the characters are introduced and developed).
CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.11-12.2
Determine two or more themes or central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to produce a complex account; provide an objective summary of the text.

Read:
“As the North Wind Howled” | The New Yorker

And answer the questions:
1.  

Writers use literary devices to signal to their readers important details that build the themes of their story, one such literary device used in the above story is ___________. _________ helps to develop the plot by showing the reader __________ about the story. For example  when it says ____________ this means _________, which builds the plot by ______.

2.
A possible theme for this story is ________________ because _______. On the other hand it could be _______ because ________.  

For this and all other module discussions, you will follow the same instructions:

1. Find a news article that is less than two months old that is relevant to any concepts from any of this module’s assigned chapters. In a post, you must (1) list the name, publication, and date of the article, (2) paste a link to the article, (3) include a minimum 100 word summary of the article, and (4) include a minimum 200 word discussion of how the article is related to the module’s chapters, and (5) pose a question related to the article. This step must be done by Tuesday, 11:59pm Central Time. The question can be anything related to your post. Is there something you didn’t understand? Can the article be extended to another context? What are the implications of the article? The only real requirement is that it needs to be open ended instead of something that could be answered with yes or no.
2. Then, by Friday, 11:59pm Central Time, you must post an answer to one of the questions posed that week. Your answer must be well thought out, directly responding the question, and have some relevance to that week’s chapter. Your answer must be at least 200 words.

Each of the two components is worth 5 points…